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To talk about your fitness progress, compare diets, or evaluate different exercises, you often compare two subjects or states. Turkish does this using two postpositions: **kıyasla** and **oranla**.

### The Dative Case with Kıyasla and Oranla

Both **kıyasla** (compared to) and **oranla** (relative to / by proportion) serve the same function. 

The noun or pronoun you are comparing *against* takes the dative suffix **-(y)a** or **-(y)e**. If the word ends in a vowel, use the buffer letter **y** (or **n** for pronouns and possessive suffixes).

### Using Kıyasla

Attach the dative suffix to the baseline of your comparison, followed by **kıyasla**. For example, *geçen yıl* (last year) becomes *geçen yıla kıyasla*, and the pronoun *o* (he/him/it) becomes *ona kıyasla*.

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### Using Oranla

**Oranla** works exactly the same way. While mostly interchangeable with **kıyasla**, **oranla** carries a slightly stronger sense of proportion.

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### Discussing Diet and Body Changes

These postpositions are extremely common when discussing nutrition or physical improvements. Notice how *karbonhidrat* takes the dative suffix to become *karbonhidrata*, and *eskisi* (its old state / before) takes the pronominal buffer **n** to become *eskisine*.

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Comparisons (-e kıyasla / -e oranla)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
compared to (by comparison)	kıyasla
fitness level / conditioning	kondisyon
Compared to last year, my fitness level is very good.	Geçen yıla kıyasla kondisyonum çok iyi.
compared to / relative to (by proportion)	oranla
metabolism	metabolizma
Relative to a young person, an old person's metabolism is slower.	Genç bir kişiye oranla yaşlı birinin metabolizması daha yavaş.
posture	duruş
Because he does exercise regularly, his posture is great compared to mine.	Düzenli egzersiz yaptığı için onun duruşu benimkine kıyasla mükemmel.
agility	çeviklik
Your agility is gradually increasing compared to the first month.	İlk aya oranla çevikliğin giderek artıyor.
push-up	şınav
sit-up	mekik
Let's do push-ups and sit-ups.	Şınav ve mekik çekelim.
Despite trying hard, I am weak at push-ups compared to him.	Çok çabalamama rağmen ona kıyasla şınavda zayıfım.
carbohydrate	karbonhidrat
protein	protein
Compared to carbohydrates, protein keeps a person full for a longer time.	Karbonhidrata oranla protein insanı daha uzun süre tok tutar.
Does protein speed up the metabolism?	Protein metabolizmayı hızlandırır mı?
After carbohydrates, doing sit-ups is hard.	Karbonhidrattan sonra mekik çekmek zor.
Because agility and conditioning are important, she works out every day.	Çeviklik ve kondisyon önemli olduğu için her gün spor yapıyor.
Your posture looks much better compared to before.	Eskisine kıyasla duruşun çok daha iyi görünüyor.