Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### Causal clauses (-dIğI için)

To express "because [someone] does or did [something]," Turkish uses a special participle ending in **-dık** (or **-dik**, **-duk**, **-dük** depending on vowel harmony), followed by a possessive suffix to indicate *who* is doing the action, and finally the word **için**.

Because most possessive suffixes start with a vowel, the **k** in **-dık** usually softens to **ğ**.

Let's look at the verb **ayırmak** (to separate):

| Person | Form + için | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- |
| I | ayırdığım için | because I separate |
| You (sg.) | ayırdığın için | because you separate |
| He/She/It | ayırdığı için | because he/she/it separates |
| We | ayırdığımız için | because we separate |
| You (pl.) | ayırdığınız için | because you all separate |

Notice how the causal clause comes before the main action of the sentence.

{{item:801987}}

{{item:801992}}

{{item:801990}}

### Consonant mutation (d to t)

If the verb stem ends in a hard consonant (such as **ç, f, h, k, p, s, ş, t**), the **d** in the **-dık** suffix changes to **t** (becoming **-tık**, **-tik**, **-tuk**, **-tük**).

For example, with the verb **atmak** (to throw), the suffix starts with **t**:

{{item:801995}}

{{item:801996}}

### Third-person plural (Onlar)

For "they," the third-person plural possessive suffix (**-ları** or **-leri**) is used. Because it starts with a consonant (**l**), the **k** in the participle does not soften to **ğ**.

{{item:801994}}

Causal clauses (-dIğI için)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
waste	atık
to separate / to allocate / set aside	ayırmak
We are happy because we separate the waste.	Atıkları ayırdığımız için mutluyuz.
plastic	plastik
to damage	zarar vermek
Because plastic harms the environment, we do not use it.	Plastik çevreye zarar verdiği için onu kullanmıyoruz.
Because I use this bottle again, I am not buying a new bottle.	Bu şişeyi tekrar kullandığım için yeni bir şişe almıyorum.
recycling	geri dönüşüm
They will protect nature because they recycle.	Geri dönüşüm yaptıkları için doğayı koruyacaklar.
Thank you for throwing the plastic waste into this box.	Plastik atıkları bu kutuya attığın için teşekkürler.
He is harming the environment because he throws the waste on the street.	Atıkları sokağa attığı için çevreye zarar veriyor.
We separate the paper because recycling is important.	Geri dönüşüm önemli olduğu için kâğıtları ayırıyoruz.
We are not throwing the boxes away because we use them again.	Kutuları tekrar kullandığımız için atmıyoruz.