Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

To express concepts like "the desire to go" or "the probability of returning," Turkish combines a short verbal noun with an abstract noun. This creates a standard noun compound (*belirtisiz isim tamlaması*).

### Forming the Abstract Noun Clause

- Add the short verbal noun suffix **-ma** / **-me** to the verb stem (e.g., **gitme**, **çalışma**).
- Follow it with an abstract noun.
- Add a possessive suffix to the abstract noun.

For a general idea, use a third-person possessive suffix (**-(s)i**, **-(s)ı**, **-(s)u**, **-(s)ü**):
- **gezme** (traveling) + **arzu** (desire) + **-su** = **gezme arzusu** (the desire to travel)

{{item:859374}}

To specify *whose* intention or feeling it is, use the matching possessive suffix (e.g., **-m** for "my", **-n** for "your"):

{{item:859375}}

{{item:859362}}

### Obligations and Hesitations

This structure is often used for shifted goals or plans abandoned due to outside pressures. Pair a verbal noun with **mecburiyet** (obligation) to express an unavoidable action.

{{item:859365}}

Since the phrase functions as a regular noun, it can take case markers. Notice how the compound takes the accusative case (**taşınma mecburiyeti-ni**) when it acts as the direct object:

{{item:859377}}

### Probabilities, Tendencies, and Obsessions

Apply the same grammar to talk about likelihoods or psychological patterns using words like **olasılık** (probability), **eğilim** (tendency), or **saplantı** (obsession):

{{item:859371}}

{{item:859373}}

{{item:859368}}

Abstract noun clauses (-ma niyeti)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
desire	arzu
enthusiasm / passing fancy (temporary whim)	heves
It means your desire to go abroad was just a small passing fancy.	Demek ki yurt dışına gitme arzun sadece küçük bir hevesti.
obligation (necessity or compulsion)	mecburiyet
hesitation	tereddüt
I was going to buy that house, but the obligation to take out a loan made me hesitate.	O evi alacaktım ama kredi çekme mecburiyeti bende tereddüt yarattı.
to attempt / to undertake	kalkışmak
obsession	saplantı
Rather than giving up, he keeps attempting everything; this is a winning obsession!	Vazgeçmektense her şeye kalkışıp duruyor, bu bir kazanma saplantısı!
desire / wish	istek
probability	olasılık
Is there any probability of him returning despite his desire to leave?	Onun gitme isteğine rağmen dönme olasılığı var mı?
tendency	eğilim
The obligation to work constantly creates a tendency to escape.	Sürekli çalışma mecburiyeti kaçma eğilimi yaratıyor.
The desire to travel the world was her biggest dream.	Dünyayı gezme arzusu onun en büyük hayaliydi.
Because of your hesitation, my enthusiasm for starting a new project faded.	Senin tereddüdün yüzünden yeni bir projeye başlama hevesim kaçtı.
indecision	kararsızlık
Rather than experiencing indecision, I accepted the obligation to move.	Kararsızlık yaşamaktansa taşınma mecburiyetini kabul ettim.
It means the probability of him attempting this job was zero.	Demek ki onun bu işe kalkışma olasılığı sıfırdı.
The obsession with losing weight increases the tendency to become sick.	Kilo verme saplantısı hasta olma eğilimini artırıyor.
I was going to attempt to buy a car, but my indecision stopped me.	Araba almaya kalkışacaktım ama kararsızlığım beni durdurdu.
His desire to work in this company has ended.	Onun bu şirkette çalışma isteği bitti.