Formal contrast (ทว่า)

When recounting history or writing in a literary tone, you will often need a formal way to introduce a contrast.

First, let's describe a powerful civilization:

To say "however" or "nevertheless," place the conjunction ทว่า at the beginning of the contrasting sentence. This is often used to introduce a dramatic shift, such as the fall of an empire:

Notice how ทว่า smoothly introduces a reversal of fortune, such as a sudden defeat or steady decline: