Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### Past Participles as Adjectives

When you want to describe a noun using a completed action—like a "parked" car or a "blocked" street—you use a **past participle**. In Swedish, past participles act just like adjectives, changing their endings to agree with the noun's gender (*en* or *ett*) and number (singular or plural).

### Group 1 Verbs

Group 1 verbs (like **blockera**, *to block*) have stems that end in **-a** (the stem is exactly the same as the infinitive). Add the following endings to the stem to form the past participle:
- **-d** for *en*-words (resulting in **-ad**)
- **-t** for *ett*-words (resulting in **-at**)
- **-de** for plural and definite nouns (resulting in **-ade**)

{{item:913011}}

{{item:913013}}

{{item:913027}}

Like regular adjectives, past participles can be placed directly in front of a noun. They follow the exact same agreement rules, taking their plural/definite **-ade** ending when modifying plural nouns or when following a definite article (like **den**).

{{item:913017}}

{{item:913029}}

### Group 2 Verbs

For Group 2 verbs, drop the **-a** from the infinitive to get the stem (for example, **bygga** becomes **bygg-**). The endings you add depend on the stem's final consonant:

| Verb Stem | *en*-word | *ett*-word | Plural / Definite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ends in a voiced consonant | **-d** | **-t** | **-da** |
| Ends in voiceless (*k, p, s, t*) | **-t** | **-t** | **-ta** |

For example, **bygga** (*to build*) takes the **-d** ending for *en*-words. However, **belysa** (*to illuminate*) takes the **-t** ending because its stem (**belys-**) ends in the voiceless consonant *s*.

{{item:913026}}

{{item:913020}}

Regular past participles (-ad, -at, -ade, -d, -t)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite ending (barnet, hunden)

Indefinite articles and -ar verbs (en, ett)

Basic word order

Singular adjectives (stor, stort)

Plural adjectives (-a)

Sentence negation (inte)

Yes/No questions

Basic question words (vad, vem, var)

Regular Group 2 verbs (-er)

Short verbs and irregulars (har, gör)

The infinitive marker (att)

Modal verbs (kan, vill, måste, får)

Future intention (ska)

Time adverbs (imorgon, igår)

Word order inversion

Adverbs of frequency (ibland, aldrig)

Everyday things (dörren, stolen, tåget)

Definite suffix spelling changes

Plural nouns Group 1 and 2 (-or, -ar)

Plural nouns Group 3 (-er, -r)

Neuter indefinite plurals

Definite plural suffixes (-na, -a, -en)

Object pronouns (mig, dig, oss)

Reflexive pronouns (sig)

Expanded question words (när, varför)

Which and what (vilken, vilket, vilka)

Coordinating conjunctions (men, eller, för)

Prepositions of place (i, på, till, från)

Quantifiers (mycket, många)

Indefinite pronouns (någon, något, några)

First and second person possessives (min, din, vår, er)

Third person possessives (hans, hennes, dess, deras)

Reflexive possessives (sin, sitt, sina)

The genitive (-s)

Adjectives before singular nouns

Adjectives before plural nouns (-a)

Double definiteness (den, det, de)

Demonstratives (den här, det här, de här)

The imperative mood

Past tense of vara and ha (var, hade)

Possessives for names (-s)

Definite plural adjectives (de ... -a)

Genitive case for names (-s)

Numbers 1 to 10 (en, två, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elva till tjugo)

Counting by tens to 100 (trettio, fyrtio...)

Days of the week (måndag, tisdag...)

Months of the year (januari, februari...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (första, andra...)

Greetings and politeness (hej, tack, förlåt)

Particle verbs of direction (gå ut, komma in)

Simple past: Group 1 (-ade)

Simple past: Group 2a (-de)

Simple past: Group 2b (-te)

Simple past: Group 3 (-dde)

Simple past: Group 4

Present perfect: Groups 1 and 2 (har)

Present perfect: Groups 3 and 4

Past perfect (hade)

Future predictions (kommer att)

Future with present tense

The adjective small (liten, litet, små)

Demonstratives of distance (den där, det där, de där)

Negative pronouns (ingen, inget, inga)

Universal pronouns (all, allt, alla)

The generic pronoun (man, en)

Possessive generic pronoun (ens)

Reciprocal pronoun (varandra)

Qualitative pronouns (sådan, sådant, sådana)

Habitual time expressions (på)

Specific past time expressions (i)

Past time expressions (för ... sedan)

Future time expressions (om)

Location and motion adverbs (här/hit, där/dit)

Consequences (så)

Correlative conjunctions (både ... och)

Either and neither (antingen ... eller, varken ... eller)

Verbs of opinion and belief (tycker, tror, tänker)

Subordinate clauses (att, om)

Time clauses (när, innan, medan)

Clauses of cause (eftersom, därför att)

Negation in subordinate clauses (inte)

V2 word order inversion

Relative clauses as subjects (som)

Relative clauses as objects (som)

Relative clauses for places (där)

Adverbs from adjectives (-t)

Adjective comparative and superlative (-are, -ast)

Question	Answer
the intersection	korsningen
to block	blockera
The intersection is blocked.	Korsningen är blockerad.
the traffic light	trafikljuset
No traffic light is blocked.	Inget trafikljus är blockerat.
the crosswalk	övergångsstället
to mark	markera
The crosswalk is clearly marked.	Övergångsstället är tydligt markerat.
The street has a marked crosswalk.	Gatan har ett markerat övergångsställe.
the bike lane	cykelbanan
to illuminate	belysa
The bike lane is illuminated.	Cykelbanan är belyst.
The traffic light that we are looking at is illuminated.	Trafikljuset som vi tittar på är belyst.
to park	parkera
There are parked cars in the bike lane.	Det finns parkerade bilar på cykelbanan.
to clear	rensa
The bike lane is cleared so that we can repair it.	Cykelbanan är rensad så att vi kan laga den.
The intersection is built of concrete.	Korsningen är byggd av betong.
No cars are parked here.	Inga bilar är parkerade här.
All crosswalks in the intersection are marked.	Alla övergångsställen i korsningen är markerade.
The blocked intersection is empty.	Den blockerade korsningen är tom.
the pothole	gropen
The pothole is marked and the street is cleared.	Gropen är markerad och gatan är rensad.
The pothole in the bicycle lane is repaired.	Gropen i cykelbanan är reparerad.