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### The Suffix *-ig*

Swedish frequently builds adjectives by adding suffixes to nouns and verbs. The most common is **-ig**, which functions much like the English suffix "-y" (as in "dirty" or "plasticky"). It describes a quality or characteristic of an object.

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### The Suffix *-lös*

The suffix **-lös** translates directly to the English "-less". It means "without" and is attached to nouns to describe a missing feature. For example, *en tråd* (a wire) becomes *trådlös* (wireless), and *ett värde* (a value) becomes *värdelös* (worthless).

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### The Suffix *-sam*

The suffix **-sam** indicates that something has a certain tendency or quality. It is similar to the English suffixes "-some" (as in "troublesome") or "-ful" (as in "doubtful"). For example, from the verb *tveka* (to hesitate), we get the adjective *tveksam* (doubtful).

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### Adjective Agreement

Even though these adjectives are built with suffixes, they still follow the standard rules for adjective agreement. When describing an *ett*-word, you must add **-t** to the end of the suffix (e.g., *-igt*, *-samt*, *-löst*). 

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When describing plural nouns, add **-a** to the end of the suffix (e.g., *-iga*, *-lösa*). Note that adjectives ending in *-sam* double the **m** in the plural (*-samma*) to keep the vowel sound short.

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Adjective suffixes -ig, -sam, and -lös (smutsig, trådlös)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The definite ending (barnet, hunden)

Indefinite articles and -ar verbs (en, ett)

Basic word order

Singular adjectives (stor, stort)

Plural adjectives (-a)

Sentence negation (inte)

Yes/No questions

Basic question words (vad, vem, var)

Regular Group 2 verbs (-er)

Short verbs and irregulars (har, gör)

The infinitive marker (att)

Modal verbs (kan, vill, måste, får)

Future intention (ska)

Time adverbs (imorgon, igår)

Word order inversion

Adverbs of frequency (ibland, aldrig)

Everyday things (dörren, stolen, tåget)

Definite suffix spelling changes

Plural nouns Group 1 and 2 (-or, -ar)

Plural nouns Group 3 (-er, -r)

Neuter indefinite plurals

Definite plural suffixes (-na, -a, -en)

Object pronouns (mig, dig, oss)

Reflexive pronouns (sig)

Expanded question words (när, varför)

Which and what (vilken, vilket, vilka)

Coordinating conjunctions (men, eller, för)

Prepositions of place (i, på, till, från)

Quantifiers (mycket, många)

Indefinite pronouns (någon, något, några)

First and second person possessives (min, din, vår, er)

Third person possessives (hans, hennes, dess, deras)

Reflexive possessives (sin, sitt, sina)

The genitive (-s)

Adjectives before singular nouns

Adjectives before plural nouns (-a)

Double definiteness (den, det, de)

Demonstratives (den här, det här, de här)

The imperative mood

Past tense of vara and ha (var, hade)

Possessives for names (-s)

Definite plural adjectives (de ... -a)

Genitive case for names (-s)

Numbers 1 to 10 (en, två, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elva till tjugo)

Counting by tens to 100 (trettio, fyrtio...)

Days of the week (måndag, tisdag...)

Months of the year (januari, februari...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (första, andra...)

Greetings and politeness (hej, tack, förlåt)

Particle verbs of direction (gå ut, komma in)

Simple past: Group 1 (-ade)

Simple past: Group 2a (-de)

Simple past: Group 2b (-te)

Simple past: Group 3 (-dde)

Simple past: Group 4

Present perfect: Groups 1 and 2 (har)

Present perfect: Groups 3 and 4

Past perfect (hade)

Future predictions (kommer att)

Future with present tense

The adjective small (liten, litet, små)

Demonstratives of distance (den där, det där, de där)

Negative pronouns (ingen, inget, inga)

Universal pronouns (all, allt, alla)

The generic pronoun (man, en)

Possessive generic pronoun (ens)

Reciprocal pronoun (varandra)

Qualitative pronouns (sådan, sådant, sådana)

Habitual time expressions (på)

Specific past time expressions (i)

Past time expressions (för ... sedan)

Future time expressions (om)

Location and motion adverbs (här/hit, där/dit)

Consequences (så)

Correlative conjunctions (både ... och)

Either and neither (antingen ... eller, varken ... eller)

Verbs of opinion and belief (tycker, tror, tänker)

Subordinate clauses (att, om)

Time clauses (när, innan, medan)

Clauses of cause (eftersom, därför att)

Negation in subordinate clauses (inte)

V2 word order inversion

Relative clauses as subjects (som)

Relative clauses as objects (som)

Relative clauses for places (där)

Adverbs from adjectives (-t)

Adjective comparative and superlative (-are, -ast)

Question	Answer
wireless	trådlös
convenient	smidig
The new mouse is wireless and very convenient.	Den nya musen är trådlös och väldigt smidig.
plasticky	plastig
I am not buying it because it feels plasticky.	Jag köper den inte eftersom den känns plastig.
spacious	rymlig
powerful	kraftig
The fridge is spacious and the motor is powerful.	Kylskåpet är rymligt och motorn är kraftig.
The bag is spacious, but the fabric is quite plasticky.	Väskan är rymlig, men tyget är ganska plastigt.
worthless	värdelös
reliable	pålitlig
The computer is worthless if the screen is not reliable.	Datorn är värdelös om skärmen inte är pålitlig.
The old machine was reliable, but the new one is worthless.	Den gamla maskinen var pålitlig, men den nya är värdelös.
gentle	skonsam
silent	ljudlös
The program is gentle and the machine is silent.	Programmet är skonsamt och maskinen är ljudlös.
When the machine is started, it is silent.	När maskinen startas är den ljudlös.
The sweater is washed gently in the cold water.	Tröjan tvättas skonsamt i det kalla vattnet.
doubtful	tveksam
I am doubtful because the motor is not powerful.	Jag är tveksam eftersom motorn inte är kraftig.
Are you doubtful because the phone is wireless?	Är du tveksam eftersom telefonen är trådlös?
I like convenient mobiles, but they are expensive.	Jag gillar smidiga mobiler, men de är dyra.
It is convenient, but I do not use it.	Den är smidig, men jag använder den inte.