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Spanish (Spain)

### Punctuation and Intonation

In Spanish, written questions are framed by an inverted question mark (**¿**) at the beginning and a standard one (**?**) at the end. When speaking, simply raise your pitch at the end of the sentence, just like in English.

### Inverted Word Order

To turn a statement into a question, move the verb to the beginning of the sentence. 

When the subject is a noun and you are asking about a descriptive trait (like a nationality), the subject often moves to the end of the question (**Verb + Description + Subject**).

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If the subject is a pronoun (like *tú* or *vosotros*), it generally goes right after the verb (**Verb + Subject + Description**).

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### Asking About Characteristics

Use this same inverted word order to ask about other characteristics and identities, such as if someone is **rico** (rich) or **simpático** (nice). 

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Yes/no questions

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
Spanish	español
Is the boy Spanish?	¿Es español el chico?
Are the teachers Spanish?	¿Son españoles los profesores?
Are you the new student?	¿Eres tú el estudiante nuevo?
English	inglés
nice	simpático
Is the nice woman English?	¿Es inglesa la mujer simpática?
rich	rico
the doctor	el médico
Is the doctor rich?	¿Es rico el médico?
the doctor	la médica
Are the women doctors?	¿Son médicas las mujeres?
the brother	el hermano
Is the doctor's brother young?	¿Es joven el hermano del médico?
Is the new girl Spanish?	¿Es española la chica nueva?
Are you the doctors?	¿Sois vosotros los médicos?
Are the nice friends rich?	¿Son ricos los amigos simpáticos?
Are you a doctor too?	¿Eres tú también médico?
the sister	la hermana
Are the English sisters rich?	¿Son ricas las hermanas inglesas?
Is she the new doctor?	¿Es ella la médica nueva?
Is he the friend's brother?	¿Es él el hermano del amigo?
Is she the boy's sister?	¿Es ella la hermana del chico?

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