Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Spanish (Spain)

### The Verb "Estar" (To Be)

Spanish has two verbs that mean "to be." Use **estar** for temporary states, such as how someone is feeling emotionally or their current physical condition.

| Pronoun | Verb Form |
| - | - |
| yo | **estoy** |
| tú | **estás** |
| él / ella / usted | **está** |
| nosotros / nosotras | **estamos** |
| vosotros / vosotras | **estáis** |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | **están** |

### Describing States and Adjective Agreement

When using **estar** with an adjective to describe a mood or condition, the adjective must match the person in gender and number. Singular adjectives typically end in **-o** (masculine) or **-a** (feminine). Adjectives ending in **-e** (like **triste**, sad) are the same for both.

We often use **porque** (because) to explain *why* someone is in a certain state.

{{item:1101541}}

{{item:1101543}}

{{item:1101547}}

{{item:1101545}}

### Plural States

For multiple people, use the plural forms of **estar** (**estamos**, **estáis**, **están**). The adjective also becomes plural, usually by adding **-s**. Groups made entirely of females use the feminine plural ending **-as**.

{{item:1101549}}

{{item:1101551}}

{{item:1101555}}

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
today	hoy
tired	cansado
because	porque
Today I am tired because I work a lot.	Hoy estoy cansado porque trabajo mucho.
sick	enfermo
Are you sick today?	¿Estás enfermo hoy?
sad	triste
The boy is sad because the book is difficult.	El chico está triste porque el libro es difícil.
busy / occupied (taken, in use)	ocupado
She is very busy now.	Ella está muy ocupada ahora.
ready	listo
We are ready to travel.	Estamos listos para viajar.
angry	enfadado
Are you angry with her?	¿Estáis enfadados con ella?
happy	contento
The children are happy.	Los niños están contentos.
nervous	nervioso
They are nervous because the train arrives now.	Ellas están nerviosas porque el tren llega ahora.
I am sick and sad.	Estoy enferma y triste.
The doctor is angry because the problem is big.	El médico está enfadado porque el problema es grande.
Are you busy or ready?	¿Estáis ocupados o listos?
We are very nervous today.	Estamos muy nerviosos hoy.
I am happy because I am not tired.	Estoy contenta porque no estoy cansada.
why	por qué
Why are you sad? Because I am sick.	¿Por qué estás triste? Porque estoy enfermo.
Why are you here?	¿Por qué estás aquí?
Why don't you eat?	¿Por qué no comes?

Contributors