The Verb "Estar" (To Be)
Spanish has two verbs that mean "to be." Use estar for temporary states, such as how someone is feeling emotionally or their current physical condition.
| Pronoun | Verb Form |
|---|---|
| yo | estoy |
| tú | estás |
| él / ella / usted | está |
| nosotros / nosotras | estamos |
| vosotros / vosotras | estáis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | están |
Describing States and Adjective Agreement
When using estar with an adjective to describe a mood or condition, the adjective must match the person in gender and number. Singular adjectives typically end in -o (masculine) or -a (feminine). Adjectives ending in -e (like triste, sad) are the same for both.
We often use porque (because) to explain why someone is in a certain state.
| Today I am tired because I work a lot. | Hoy estoy cansado porque trabajo mucho. |
| Are you sick today? | ¿Estás enfermo hoy? |
| She is very busy now. | Ella está muy ocupada ahora. |
| The boy is sad because the book is difficult. | El chico está triste porque el libro es difícil. |
Plural States
For multiple people, use the plural forms of estar (estamos, estáis, están). The adjective also becomes plural, usually by adding -s. Groups made entirely of females use the feminine plural ending -as.
| We are ready to travel. | Estamos listos para viajar. |
| Are you angry with her? | ¿Estáis enfadados con ella? |
| They are nervous because the train arrives now. | Ellas están nerviosas porque el tren llega ahora. |
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