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Spanish (Spain)

### Noun Gender and "The"

In Spanish, every noun has a gender: it is either masculine or feminine. Because of this, the word "the" changes to match the noun. Use **el** for masculine nouns and **la** for feminine nouns.

### The Verb "ser" (to be)

To build your first sentences, you will use the verb **ser**, which means "to be" (used for identity and basic characteristics). Spanish sentences generally follow the same Subject-Verb-Complement order as English.

Here are the singular subject pronouns and their matching forms of **ser**:

| Subject | *ser* (to be) | English |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **yo** (I) | **soy** | am |
| **tú** (you) | **eres** | are |
| **él / ella** (he / she) | **es** | is |

Let's put these together with nouns to state who someone is:

{{item:1101076}}

{{item:1101079}}

You can easily combine two statements using **y**, which means "and":

{{item:1101085}}

### Pointing at Objects: "esto" and "eso"

When you want to point to an object, use the singular demonstrative pronouns **esto** (this) and **eso** (that). Because they represent single things, they pair with the verb form **es**.

{{item:1101088}}

{{item:1101091}}

### Describing with Adjectives

You can also use **ser** to link a subject to a descriptive word (an adjective). Just place the adjective directly after the verb.

{{item:1101094}}

{{item:1101096}}

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
I	yo
to be	ser
the man	el hombre
I am the man.	Yo soy el hombre.
you	tú
the woman / the wife	la mujer
You are the woman.	Tú eres la mujer.
he / him (after a preposition)	él
the boy / the child	el niño
and	y
she / her (after a preposition)	ella
the girl	la niña
He is the boy and she is the girl.	Él es el niño y ella es la niña.
this	esto
the book	el libro
This is the book.	Esto es el libro.
that	eso
the house / home (also "at home")	la casa
That is the house.	Eso es la casa.
intelligent	inteligente
I am intelligent.	Yo soy inteligente.
You are intelligent.	Tú eres inteligente.
big	grande
The book is big.	El libro es grande.
The house is big.	La casa es grande.
This is big and that is big.	Esto es grande y eso es grande.
He is the man and he is intelligent.	Él es el hombre y es inteligente.
She is the woman.	Ella es la mujer.
You are the boy.	Tú eres el niño.
She is the girl and she is intelligent.	Ella es la niña y es inteligente.
This is the house and it is big.	Esto es la casa y es grande.
That is the book and it is big.	Eso es el libro y es grande.

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