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Spanish (Spain)

### Three Degrees of Distance

When pointing things out, English generally uses two levels of distance ("this" and "that"). Spanish, however, uses three:
- **este**: close to the speaker (this)
- **ese**: close to the listener, or a short distance away (that)
- **aquel**: far from both speaker and listener (that over there)

Like all adjectives in Spanish, demonstratives must match the noun they describe in gender and number.

### Este and Ese

For things right next to you, use **este** (this). Its forms are **este** (masculine singular), **esta** (feminine singular), **estos** (masculine plural), and **estas** (feminine plural).

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For things a bit further away, perhaps near the person you are talking to, use **ese** (that). Its forms are **ese** (masculine singular), **esa** (feminine singular), **esos** (masculine plural), and **esas** (feminine plural).

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### Aquel

When an object is far away from both you and the person you are talking to, you will use **aquel** (that over there).

The forms for "that over there" are:
- **aquel** (masculine singular)
- **aquella** (feminine singular)
- **aquellos** (masculine plural)
- **aquellas** (feminine plural)

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### "This One" and "That One"

You do not always have to repeat the noun. If it is clear what you are talking about from context, you can use the demonstrative all by itself as a pronoun. 

When used this way, it translates to "this one", "that one", "these", or "those".

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### Trying Clothes On

When shopping for clothes, you will likely need to ask for **el probador** (the fitting room) and look for **un espejo** (a mirror). 

To talk about trying on clothes, use the reflexive verb **probarse** (to try on). Since it is reflexive, remember to use the appropriate pronoun (like **me**) when describing your own actions.

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Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
this (m.sg., also esta, estos, estas, esto)	este
the hat	el sombrero
This hat is very expensive.	Este sombrero es muy caro.
that (m.sg., also esa, esos, esas, eso)	ese
the belt	el cinturón
That brown belt is for the man.	Ese cinturón marrón es para el hombre.
that over there (m.sg., also aquella, aquellos, aquellas, aquello)	aquel
the coat	el abrigo
The gentleman prefers that black coat over there.	El señor prefiere aquel abrigo negro.
I prefer this dress, not that one.	Prefiero este vestido, no ese.
the tie	la corbata
Do you like that blue tie over there?	¿Te gusta aquella corbata azul?
the fitting room	el probador
Where is the fitting room?	¿Dónde está el probador?
to try on	probarse
I want to try on these trousers.	Quiero probarme estos pantalones.
I am trying on that hat.	Me estoy probando ese sombrero.
the mirror	el espejo
There is a mirror in that fitting room over there.	Hay un espejo en aquel probador.
Those coats over there are large, but these are small.	Aquellos abrigos son grandes, pero estos son pequeños.
That tie is beautiful, but I do not want it.	Esa corbata es bonita, pero no la quiero.
I am buying it with this belt.	Lo estoy comprando con este cinturón.
The girl looks at that old mirror.	La chica mira ese espejo viejo.