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Spanish (Spain)

### Tracking Progress with *llevar* + Past Participle

To express what you have achieved up to the present moment—like how many pages of a book you have read so far—use the verb **llevar** followed by a **past participle**.

There is one crucial rule: unlike the standard perfect tenses with *haber*, the past participle in this structure acts like an adjective. It **must agree in gender and number** with the direct object (the things you have accumulated).

Notice how the participles change their endings (*-o*, *-a*, *-os*, *-as*) to match the nouns they refer to:

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### Asking About Accumulated Progress

To ask someone how much progress they have made, combine **cuánto** (how much) or **cuántos/cuántas** (how many) with the noun, your conjugated form of *llevar*, and the matching past participle.

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Irregular past participles, like *hecho* (done/made), follow the exact same agreement rules.

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Accumulated progress (llevar + past participle)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Question	Answer
the series	la serie
to have (done) so far (+ past participle)	llevar
I have watched three series so far this year.	Llevo vistas tres series este año.
We usually watch that series at night.	Solemos ver esa serie por la noche.
the season	la temporada
How many seasons have you watched so far?	¿Cuántas temporadas llevas vistas?
I have watched one season of the series so far.	Llevo vista una temporada de la serie.
the episode	el episodio
They have recorded five episodes today so far.	Ellas llevan grabados cinco episodios hoy.
We have already written ten episodes so far.	Ya llevamos escritos diez episodios.
the level	el nivel
Have you passed the first level so far?	¿Llevas superado el primer nivel?
This game has a very difficult level.	Este juego tiene un nivel muy difícil.
the verb	el verbo
I have studied twenty verbs so far.	Llevo estudiados veinte verbos.
How many verbs have you all learned so far?	¿Cuántos verbos lleváis aprendidos?
the vocabulary	el vocabulario
I have reviewed all the vocabulary so far.	Llevo repasado todo el vocabulario.
Sometimes I forget the new vocabulary.	A veces olvido el vocabulario nuevo.
the grammar	la gramática
We have studied a lot of grammar today so far.	Llevamos estudiada mucha gramática hoy.
to master; to dominate	dominar
I want to master Spanish grammar.	Quiero dominar la gramática española.
He has already mastered three languages so far.	Él ya lleva dominados tres idiomas.
You are never going to master grammar without studying.	Nunca vas a dominar la gramática sin estudiar.
to cover (a distance); to travel around, to go all over (a place)	recorrer
We have covered ten kilometers so far.	Llevamos recorridos diez kilómetros.
They usually travel across the whole country.	Ellas suelen recorrer todo el país.
to evaluate	evaluar
The boss has evaluated five reports so far.	La jefa lleva evaluados cinco informes.
How many reports have they evaluated so far?	¿Cuántos informes llevan evaluados?
How many tasks have you done so far?	¿Cuántas tareas llevas hechas?
I have made three beds today so far.	Llevo hechas tres camas hoy.
so far, up to now	hasta ahora
So far I have watched four episodes.	Hasta ahora llevo vistos cuatro episodios.
So far we have not had a single problem.	Hasta ahora no hemos tenido ningún problema.
basic	básico
We have learned a lot of basic words so far.	Llevamos aprendidas muchas palabras básicas.
This course is for the basic level.	Este curso es para el nivel básico.
Two companies dominate the market.	Dos empresas dominan el mercado.
Our team dominated the whole match, but lost.	Nuestro equipo dominó todo el partido, pero perdió.

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