Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Spanish (Latin America)

### Emphasizing completeness

In Spanish, you will often see indirect object pronouns (**me**, **te**, **le**, **nos**, **les**) added to sentences where they aren't strictly necessary. When the pronoun matches the subject of the sentence, it emphasizes the completeness of the action—often translating to doing something "up" or "down" in English.

This is extremely common with verbs of consumption to emphasize eating an *entire* portion, such as with **devorar** (to devour) or **engullir** (to gobble down).

{{item:793929}}

{{item:793932}}

{{item:793937}}

### Being affected by an action

You can also use these pronouns to show who is emotionally or physically affected by an action, known as the *dative of interest*.

If someone else performs the action, the pronoun indicates who suffered or benefited from it. It often replaces possessive adjectives (like "my" or "his"). For example, instead of saying someone ate "my" hamburger, Spanish speakers often say they ate the hamburger "on me".

{{item:793941}}

When the subject performs the action for their own benefit, the pronoun shows that they did it for themselves.

{{item:793944}}

This structure is also the standard way to talk about body parts experiencing pain or sensations. You use the indirect object pronoun to show *who* the body part belongs to, rather than using a possessive word like "mi".

{{item:793939}}

The affective dative (me, te, le, nos, les)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and 'to be' (el, la, soy)

Masculine and feminine pairs (el hermano, la hermana)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Question	Answer
to devour	devorar
whole	entero
It is two o'clock and I already devoured the whole hamburger!	¡Son las dos y ya me devoré la hamburguesa entera!
to gobble down	engullir
the sandwich	el sándwich
You gobbled down the sandwich very fast!	¡Te engulliste el sándwich muy rápido!
the bite	el bocado
voracious	voraz
We devoured every bite because we had a voracious hunger.	Nos devoramos cada bocado porque tuvimos un hambre voraz.
the indigestion	la indigestión
We ate up the whole sandwich and we had terrible indigestion.	Nos comimos el sándwich entero y tuvimos una indigestión terrible.
the belly	la panza
My belly hurts because I gobbled down the hamburger.	Me duele la panza porque me engullí la hamburguesa.
the glutton	el glotón
The glutton devoured my whole hamburger!	¡El glotón me devoró la hamburguesa entera!
You had a voracious hunger and you gobbled down the last bite.	Tuviste un hambre voraz y te engulliste el último bocado.
The glutton had terrible indigestion and his belly hurt.	El glotón tuvo una indigestión terrible y le dolió la panza.
I made the whole sandwich for myself because I had a voracious hunger.	Me hice el sándwich entero porque tuve un hambre voraz.
They had terrible indigestion and their bellies hurt.	Tuvieron una indigestión terrible y les dolió la panza.