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Spanish (Latin America)

In Spanish, you can turn a verb into an adjective to describe the completed state of something (like "packed" or "frozen"). These are called **past participles**.

### Forming Regular Past Participles

To form a regular past participle, drop the ending of the infinitive verb and add a new suffix:

- For **-ar** verbs, add **-ado**.
- For **-er** and **-ir** verbs, add **-ido**.

For example, *procesar* (to process) becomes *procesado*, and *moler* (to grind) becomes *molido*.

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### Matching Gender and Number

When you use a past participle as an adjective, it must match the noun it describes in both gender and number. This means the ending will change to **-o**, **-a**, **-os**, or **-as** to agree with the noun.

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Notice how the ending changes to **-a** when describing feminine nouns like *comida* (food) or *carne* (meat):

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Regular past participles (-ado, -ido)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and 'to be' (el, la, soy)

Masculine and feminine pairs (el hermano, la hermana)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Question	Answer
the grain / the bean	el grano
to roast / to toast	tostar
to grind	moler
The coffee bean is roasted and ground.	El grano de café está tostado y molido.
We use the roasted bean.	Usamos el grano tostado.
How delicious the ground coffee is!	¡Qué rico el café molido!
the wheat	el trigo
to pack	empacar
the sack / the bag	el saco
The wheat is packed in the sack.	El trigo está empacado en el saco.
I used to see the packed wheat.	Yo veía el trigo empacado.
the corn	el maíz
to process	procesar
The processed corn was very cheap.	El maíz procesado era muy barato.
Why do they have processed corn?	¿Por qué tienen maíz procesado?
to freeze	congelar
The fish is frozen.	El pescado está congelado.
the can / the tin	la lata
The cans have frozen meat.	Las latas tienen carne congelada.
The supermarket has processed and packed food.	El supermercado tiene comida procesada y empacada.
How tasty the roasted corn is!	¡Qué sabroso es el maíz tostado!
Yesterday, the boss ordered the frozen grain.	Ayer, el jefe pidió el grano congelado.
The frozen corn is in the can.	El maíz congelado está en la lata.
The ground wheat is packed in the sack.	El trigo molido está empacado en el saco.
understood! got it	entendido
—We arrive at eight. —Understood.	—Llegamos a las ocho. —Entendido.
—Understood? —Yes, got it.	—¿Entendido? —Sí, entendido.
the tortilla	la tortilla
The corn tortilla is toasted.	La tortilla de maíz está tostada.
The farmers grind the corn to make tortillas.	Los campesinos muelen el maíz para hacer tortillas.