When referring to a person immediately after a preposition (like con, a, de, en, or para), use quien or quienes. In English, this is the equivalent of "whom".
Singular vs. Plural
Unlike que, these pronouns change to match the number of people you are talking about. Use quien for one person, and quienes for multiple people.
| The director with whom I collaborate is the leader of the team. | El director con quien colaboro es el líder del equipo. |
| It is eight o'clock, and those colleagues in whom we trust are not arriving. | Son las ocho y esos colegas en quienes confiamos no llegan. |
Preposition placement
In everyday English, we often leave prepositions at the end of a sentence (like "the director I work with"). In Spanish, the preposition must always go right before quien or quienes—just like saying "the director with whom I work".
| The assistant to whom I give the message is an important contact. | El asistente a quien le doy el mensaje es un contacto importante. |
| The message is for the colleagues of whom we speak. | El mensaje es para los colegas de quienes hablamos. |
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