Referring to an entire idea
Normally, relative pronouns like que refer to a specific noun (e.g., "the book that I read"). However, sometimes you want to say "which" to refer back to an entire previous clause, situation, or idea.
To do this, use the neuter relative pronouns lo que or lo cual. In this context, they mean the exact same thing and are used interchangeably, though lo cual can sound slightly more formal. Notice how they always appear after a comma to comment on the preceding thought.
| The reader analyzes the literary text, which interests him a lot. | El lector analiza el texto literario, lo que le interesa mucho. |
| The publisher deceived the reader, which is unacceptable. | La editorial engañó al lector, lo cual es inaceptable. |
| The author changed literary genre, which surprised us. | El autor cambió de género literario, lo que nos sorprendió. |
| This genre requires a good narrative, which is difficult. | Este género exige una buena narrativa, lo cual es difícil. |
Discussing literature and plots
These neuter pronouns are especially useful when summarizing complex plots, evaluating a narrative, or discussing the publishing world. By using lo que and lo cual, you can effortlessly connect an event to your reaction or analysis of it.
| The narrator always lies, which makes the novel intriguing. | El narrador siempre miente, lo que hace intrigante la novela. |
| The narrator hides the outcome, which I love. | El narrador oculta el desenlace, lo cual me encanta. |
| You have to summarize the narrative, which will take time. | Tienes que resumir la narrativa, lo que tomará tiempo. |
| The publisher printed another copy, which was a success. | La editorial imprimió otro ejemplar, lo cual fue un éxito. |
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