Learn how to formally attribute views and opinions to others. In this lesson, we will explore educational reforms, giving you the tools to cite teachers, experts, and pedagogical theories.
Using "по" (According to / In the opinion of)
To report what someone else said or thinks, use по (according to) combined with specific nouns. The source you are citing takes the Genitive case.
- по словам
- to (literally: by the words of)
- по данным
- to (literally: by the data of)
- по мнению
- the opinion of
These introductory phrases are set off by commas.
| According to the officials, the new reform is developing quickly. | По словам чиновников, новая реформа быстро развивается. |
| According to the department, the implementation of the project has already begun. | По данным ведомства, внедрение проекта уже началось. |
| In the founder's opinion, the new methodology is very difficult. | По мнению основателя, новая методика очень сложная. |
"С точки зрения" (From the point of view)
Another common way to attribute an analytical perspective is с точки зрения (from the point of view). The source holding the view also goes in the Genitive case.
| From the educators' point of view, the implementation of this methodology is a mistake. | С точки зрения педагогов, внедрение этой методики — ошибка. |
| From the experts' point of view, the reform needs this innovation. | С точки зрения экспертов, реформе нужна эта инновация. |
"Согласно" (According to)
When citing a rule, document, or author directly, use the preposition согласно (according to). Unlike the phrases above, согласно requires the source to be in the Dative case.
| According to the reform, all schools are changing their schedule. | Согласно реформе, все школы меняют расписание. |
| According to the author, the reform is an important innovation. | Согласно автору, реформа — это важная инновация. |
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