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Portuguese (Portugal)

To talk about an action that started in the past and continues or repeats into the present, use the Portuguese present perfect (**Pretérito Perfeito Composto**).

Unlike the English present perfect (often used for a single completed action, like "I have visited Portugal"), the Portuguese version is closer to the English present perfect *continuous* ("I have been visiting"). It implies repetition, habit, or ongoing effort.

### Forming the Pretérito Perfeito Composto

Combine the present tense of **ter** with the past participle of the main verb (usually ending in **-ado** for *-ar* verbs, or **-ido** for *-er* and *-ir* verbs).

- **eu tenho** + -ado/-ido
- **tu tens** + -ado/-ido
- **ele/ela/você tem** + -ado/-ido
- **nós temos** + -ado/-ido
- **eles/elas/vocês têm** + -ado/-ido

Notice how these translate to "have been doing" rather than just "have done":

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### Habitual Actions

Because this tense implies repeated actions, it often pairs with words like **ultimamente** (lately) or **frequentemente** (frequently).

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### Plural Agreement

When expressions like *a maioria de* (most of) are followed by a plural noun, the auxiliary verb **ter** is typically conjugated in the plural (**têm**):

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The present perfect (Pretérito Perfeito Composto)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
to mold	moldar
the clay	o barro
I have been molding the clay lately.	Tenho moldado o barro ultimamente.
the pottery workshop	a olaria
We have been buying a lot of clay for the pottery workshop.	Temos comprado muito barro para a olaria.
handmade	artesanal
The students have been molding handmade pieces.	Os alunos têm moldado peças artesanais.
to fire	cozer
She has been firing the clay in the oven.	Ela tem cozido o barro no forno.
the potter	o oleiro
Most of the potters have been firing the pieces.	A maioria dos oleiros têm cozido as peças.
We have been visiting the pottery workshop frequently.	Temos visitado a olaria frequentemente.
The potter said that he has been working a lot.	O oleiro disse que tem trabalhado muito.
the dedication	a dedicação
He has been creating handmade pieces with a lot of dedication.	Ele tem criado peças artesanais com muita dedicação.
the apron	o avental
I have been using the apron to not get myself dirty.	Tenho usado o avental para não me sujar.
We have been washing the apron frequently.	Temos lavado o avental frequentemente.
She made a little flower of clay for the pottery workshop.	Ela fez uma florzinha de barro para a olaria.
to perfect	aperfeiçoar
the skill (ability)	a habilidade
You have been perfecting your skill.	Tu tens aperfeiçoado a tua habilidade.
We have been perfecting the technique in the pottery workshop.	Temos aperfeiçoado a técnica na olaria.
Most of the colleagues have been improving the skill.	A maioria dos colegas têm melhorado a habilidade.
The teacher brought clay and we have been showing dedication.	O professor trouxe barro e nós temos mostrado dedicação.