Summarizing Your Points
To say "in short" or "to sum up" when condensing an argument, use em suma. You will also see acabar por (to end up) followed by an infinitive, which describes the final outcome of a situation.
| In short, environmental conservation is urgent. | Em suma, a conservação ambiental é urgente. |
| In short, polluting factories end up destroying nature. | Em suma, as fábricas poluentes acabam por destruir a natureza. |
Drawing a Conclusion
To formally wrap up your thoughts, use em conclusão (in conclusion).
| In conclusion, global warming damages the planet. | Em conclusão, o aquecimento global danifica o planeta. |
| In conclusion, we must preserve species to avoid extinction. | Em conclusão, devemos preservar as espécies para evitar a extinção. |
Getting to the Bottom Line
To express "after all" or "ultimately," use afinal. It emphasizes the final takeaway or a truth that overrides previous doubts.
| Ultimately, I do not think that the ecosystem is out of danger. | Afinal, não acho que o ecossistema esteja fora de perigo. |
| After all, environmental conservation depends on us. | Afinal, a conservação ambiental depende de nós. |
General Opinions
You can introduce general opinions or common knowledge with impersonal expressions like diz-se que (it is said that) or dizem que (they say).
| It is said that polluting vehicles cause global warming. | Diz-se que os veículos poluentes provocam o aquecimento global. |
| They say it is impossible to preserve this ecosystem. | Dizem que é impossível preservar este ecossistema. |
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