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Portuguese (Portugal)

### No Dangling Prepositions

In English, we often leave prepositions at the end of a clause, like "The scratch that you complained **about**." In Portuguese, prepositions are never left dangling. If a verb requires a preposition, it must go directly before the relative pronoun **que**.

### Using "de que"

Many common Portuguese verbs require the preposition **de** (such as *precisar de*, to need, or *gostar de*, to like). When describing a noun using one of these verbs, you must use **de que**.

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### Using "em que"

Similarly, verbs that require the preposition **em** (like *reparar em*, to notice, or *tocar em*, to touch) will use **em que**.

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Note that **em que** is also commonly used to mean "where" or "in which" when talking about physical locations, such as a dealership (*o stand*).

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### Using "a que" and "com que"

This rule applies to all short prepositions. If a verb or phrase uses **a** (to/at) or **com** (with), simply place it before **que** to connect your ideas.

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Relative clauses with prepositions (em que, de que)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the service (vehicle maintenance)	a revisão
The service that I need is very expensive.	A revisão de que preciso é muito cara.
the mechanic	o mecânico
reliable	fiável
The dealership where the mechanic works is reliable.	O stand em que o mecânico trabalha é fiável.
the scratch	o arranhão
the hood	o capô
The scratch that you complained about is on the hood.	O arranhão de que te queixaste está no capô.
Did the mechanic see the scratches that I noticed?	O mecânico viu os arranhões em que eu reparei?
to negotiate	negociar
the mileage	a quilometragem
I wanted to negotiate the car that we liked, but the mileage is high.	Queria negociar o carro de que gostámos, mas a quilometragem é alta.
A car with high mileage is not reliable, is it?	Um carro com uma quilometragem alta não é fiável, pois não?
the clutch	a embraiagem
The clutch that you are used to is different.	A embraiagem a que estás habituado é diferente.
The tool that I fixed the clutch with disappeared.	A ferramenta com que consertei a embraiagem desapareceu.
the steering wheel	o volante
Could you negotiate the price of the steering wheel?	Podia negociar o preço do volante?
the brake	o travão
to touch	tocar
The steering wheel and the brake that I touched are dirty.	O volante e o travão em que toquei estão sujos.
The brakes that we depend on need a service.	Os travões de que dependemos precisam de uma revisão.
The brand that we trust is reliable.	A marca em que confiamos é fiável.
The hood that he touched is hot.	O capô em que ele tocou está quente.