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Portuguese (Portugal)

### The Verbs of the Stove

Portuguese cooking splits neatly by what the heat does:

| verb | what it does |
|---|---|
| **ferver** | to boil (water bubbles) |
| **fritar** | to fry (in oil, in the **frigideira**) |
| **grelhar** | to grill |
| **assar** | to roast (in the **forno**) |
| **torrar** | to toast |

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### The Knife Work

Before the stove comes the board: **descascar** is to peel (*descasca a cebola*), **picar** is to chop finely (*pica o alho*). Both are regular -ar verbs, so their commands are the forms you learned in the last lessons.

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### What Goes In

**O ingrediente** is anything the recipe calls for; **o tempero** is the seasoning. **A farinha** (flour) and **o vinagre** (vinegar) join the *azeite* and *sal* you already know. **A louça** is the crockery as a whole — *lavar a louça* is THE after-dinner chore — and **a caneca** is the big handled mug your morning milk comes in.


Na cozinha (ferver, fritar, descascar)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
to boil	ferver
Boil the water for the tea.	Ferve a água para o chá.
The soup is boiling in the pot.	A sopa ferve na panela.
to fry	fritar
Fry the fish in the frying pan.	Frita o peixe na frigideira.
Mum fries the onion in olive oil.	A mãe frita a cebola com azeite.
to grill	grelhar
Grill the meat in the garden.	Grelha a carne no jardim.
We grill fish at the beach.	Nós grelhamos peixe na praia.
to roast	assar
Roast the apples in the oven.	Assa as maçãs no forno.
Grandma bakes a cake on Sundays.	A avó assa um bolo ao domingo.
to toast	torrar
Toast the bread for breakfast.	Torra o pão para o pequeno-almoço.
I toast the bread in the morning.	Eu torro o pão de manhã.
to peel	descascar
Peel the onion, please.	Descasca a cebola, por favor.
She peels an apple for her son.	Ela descasca uma maçã para o filho.
to chop / to sting	picar
Chop the garlic for the soup.	Pica o alho para a sopa.
I chop the tomato for the salad.	Pico o tomate para a salada.
the ingredient	o ingrediente
Olive oil is the most important ingredient.	O azeite é o ingrediente mais importante.
How many ingredients does the soup have?	Quantos ingredientes tem a sopa?
the seasoning	o tempero
Salt is a seasoning.	O sal é um tempero.
This seasoning has garlic and salt.	Este tempero tem alho e sal.
the flour	a farinha
The cake takes flour and sugar.	O bolo leva farinha e açúcar.
Buy flour at the supermarket.	Compra farinha no supermercado.
the vinegar	o vinagre
The salad takes olive oil and vinegar.	A salada leva azeite e vinagre.
The vinegar is next to the olive oil.	O vinagre está ao lado do azeite.
the dishes, the crockery	a louça
Wash the dishes after dinner.	Lava a louça depois do jantar.
The dishes are clean.	A louça está limpa.
the mug	a caneca
I drink coffee from the blue mug.	Bebo café na caneca azul.
My mug is blue.	A minha caneca é azul.

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