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Portuguese (Portugal)

In Portuguese, the prepositions **em** (in, on, at) and **de** (of, from, about) merge directly with demonstratives to form single words. Like the base demonstratives (**este**, **esse**, **aquele**), these contractions must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe.

### Contractions with "Este" (This)

Merge **em** or **de** with **este** for objects close to you (the speaker).

| | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| **em** + este | neste | nesta |
| **de** + este | deste | desta |

*(For plurals, simply add an -s: **nestes**, **nestas**, **destes**, **destas**).*

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### Contractions with "Esse" (That - near listener)

Merge **em** or **de** with **esse** for objects close to the person you are talking to.

| | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| **em** + esse | nesse | nessa |
| **de** + esse | desse | dessa |

*(Plurals: **nesses**, **nessas**, **desses**, **dessas**).*

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Notice how **de** often translates to "about" when used with verbs of communication:

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### Contractions with "Aquele" (That over there - far)

Merge **em** or **de** with **aquele** for objects far away from both of you.

| | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| **em** + aquele | naquele | naquela |
| **de** + aquele | daquele | daquela |

*(Plurals: **naqueles**, **naquelas**, **daqueles**, **daquelas**).*

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Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
in this (m/sg), nesta (f/sg), nestes (m/pl), nestas (f/pl)	neste
the building	o prédio
I live in this building.	Moro neste prédio.
the box	a caixa
What is in this box?	O que está nesta caixa?
of this (m/sg), desta (f/sg), destes (m/pl), destas (f/pl)	deste
The window of this room is large.	A janela desta sala é grande.
The door of this building is old.	A porta deste prédio é velha.
in that (m/sg), nessa (f/sg), nesses (m/pl), nessas (f/pl)	nesse
Your shoes are in that box.	Os teus sapatos estão nessa caixa.
What do you have in that pocket?	O que tens nesse bolso?
of that (m/sg), dessa (f/sg), desses (m/pl), dessas (f/pl)	desse
We are talking about that problem today.	Falamos desse problema hoje.
The key to that room is here.	A chave desse quarto está aqui.
in that over there (m/sg), naquela (f/sg), naqueles (m/pl), naquelas (f/pl)	naquele
My sister works in that supermarket over there.	A minha irmã trabalha naquele supermercado.
We always eat in that restaurant over there.	Comemos sempre naquele restaurante.
of that over there (m/sg), daquela (f/sg), daqueles (m/pl), daquelas (f/pl)	daquele
That student's computer is new.	O computador daquele aluno é novo.
That girl's cat drinks milk.	O gato daquela rapariga bebe leite.
the flat	o apartamento
The flat is big.	O apartamento é grande.
I live in this flat.	Eu moro neste apartamento.
the garage	a garagem
The car is in the garage.	O carro está na garagem.
The garage of this building is small.	A garagem deste prédio é pequena.
to rent	arrendar
I rent a flat in the centre.	Eu arrendo um apartamento no centro.
They rent the house.	Eles arrendam a casa.
the tenancy	o arrendamento
The tenancy is expensive.	O arrendamento é caro.
The tenancy of this flat is cheap.	O arrendamento deste apartamento é barato.
the exit	a saída
The exit of the building is small.	A saída do prédio é pequena.
Where is the exit?	Onde é a saída?
the entrance	a entrada
The entrance of the museum is big.	A entrada do museu é grande.
The entrance is here.	A entrada é aqui.
the dining room	a sala de jantar
The dining room is big.	A sala de jantar é grande.
We eat in the dining room.	Nós comemos na sala de jantar.

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