Word
Zmęczony pracownik spojrzał znad sterty dokumentów.
Meaning
The tired employee looked from above the pile of documents.
Part of speech
sentence
Pronunciation
Course
Breakdown of Zmęczony pracownik spojrzał znad sterty dokumentów.
pracownik
employee
dokument
document
zmęczony
tired
spojrzeć
to glance, to take a look (perfective)
Questions & Answers about Zmęczony pracownik spojrzał znad sterty dokumentów.
How does the preposition znad work here, and why does it change the word sterta?
Znad is a compound preposition combining z (from) and nad (above), meaning "from above". All compound spatial prepositions starting with z or s (like zza, spod, znad) force the noun that follows into the Genitive case. That is why the feminine noun sterta (pile) changes its -a ending to a -y, becoming sterty.
If znad makes the next word Genitive, why is dokumentów also in the Genitive case?
We actually have two different grammar rules triggering the Genitive case in a row here! While znad forces sterty to be Genitive, the word dokumentów is Genitive simply because it tells us what the pile is made of. Just like the English word "of", Polish uses the Genitive to show composition or possession (sterta dokumentów = a pile of documents).
Why use spojrzał instead of patrzył for "looked"?
Spojrzał is a perfective verb, meaning it describes a single, quick, and completed action—like a brief glance up from the desk. If the sentence used the imperfective patrzył, it would imply the employee was continuously staring from above the pile for a longer period of time.
How do I pronounce ? Does the 'd' change its sound?