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### The Preposition "Bez"

To say "without" an ingredient or item, use the preposition **bez** followed by the Genitive case.

Feminine nouns change their **-a** ending to **-y** or **-i**:

- **laktoza** (lactose) → **laktozy**
- **śmietana** (cream) → **śmietany**
- **cytryna** (lemon) → **cytryny**
- **cebula** (onion) → **cebuli**

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### Masculine Endings and Spelling Changes

Most masculine inanimate nouns (like ingredients or objects) take the ending **-u** (**alkohol** → **alkoholu**, **sos** → **sosu**).

Watch out for vowel changes in the root before adding **-u**:

- **ó** changes to **o** (**lód** → **lodu**)
- A "mobile" **e** drops out (**czosnek** → **czosnku**)

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### Expressing Lack and Absence

The Genitive case is the core case of absence in Polish. Use it after **bez** and negative phrases like **nie ma** (there is no / does not have). For instance, **smak** (taste) changes to **smaku**.

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The same rules apply outside the restaurant. Everyday masculine objects like **bilet** (ticket) and **paszport** (passport) also take the **-u** ending (**biletu**, **paszportu**).

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Plural nouns have their own Genitive endings. A common one is **pieniądze** (money), which becomes **pieniędzy**.

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Without (bez)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
ice	lód
lemon	cytryna
Could I order a tea without ice and lemon?	Czy mógłbym zamówić herbatę bez lodu i cytryny?
onion	cebula
garlic	czosnek
I am ordering a pizza without onion and garlic.	Zamawiam pizzę bez cebuli i czosnku.
There is no garlic in this soup.	W tej zupie nie ma czosnku.
sauce	sos
taste	smak
This pizza without sauce has no taste.	Ta pizza bez sosu nie ma smaku.
I'll have water without ice and lemon, please.	Poproszę wodę bez lodu i cytryny.
My brother has to cook a soup without garlic and onion.	Mój brat musi ugotować zupę bez czosnku i cebuli.
Why does soup without salt have no taste?	Dlaczego zupa bez soli nie ma smaku?
You are not allowed to enter the airplane without a ticket and a passport.	Nie wolno wejść do samolotu bez biletu i paszportu.
I left my wallet at home and I am without money.	Zostawiłem portfel w domu i jestem bez pieniędzy.
gas	gaz
He went to the store to buy water without gas.	Poszedł do sklepu, żeby kupić wodę bez gazu.
mayonnaise	majonez
I am ordering a salad without sauce and mayonnaise.	Zamawiam sałatkę bez sosu i majonezu.
ketchup	ketchup
He is eating a sandwich without ketchup and mayonnaise.	On je kanapkę bez ketchupu i majonezu.
This pizza without ketchup is very tasty.	Ta pizza bez ketchupu jest bardzo smaczna.
I always drink water without gas.	Zawsze piję wodę bez gazu.
alcohol	alkohol
I am ordering a beer without alcohol.	Zamawiam piwo bez alkoholu.
lactose	laktoza
I would like a coffee without lactose.	Chciałbym kawę bez laktozy.
cream	śmietana
I would like soup without cream, please.	Poproszę zupę bez śmietany.
Yesterday we went to a restaurant without money.	Wczoraj poszliśmy do restauracji bez pieniędzy.
He always orders beer without alcohol.	On zawsze zamawia piwo bez alkoholu.
A coffee without lactose and a soup without cream, please.	Poproszę kawę bez laktozy i zupę bez śmietany.