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### Half

To say "half", use **pół** followed by the **Genitive singular** case (literally "half *of a* [noun]"). The word **pół** never changes, regardless of the noun's gender.

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### One and a Half

For "one and a half", the noun still takes the **Genitive singular**, but the word for the fraction changes based on the noun's gender:
- **półtora**: masculine and neuter nouns
- **półtorej**: feminine nouns

#### Półtora (Masculine and Neuter)

Masculine and neuter words like *litr* (litre), *kilogram* (kilo), and *rok* (year) pair with **półtora**.

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#### Półtorej (Feminine)

Feminine nouns like *szklanka* (glass), *filiżanka* (cup), and *godzina* (hour) pair with **półtorej**.

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Half and one and a half (pół, półtora)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
half (quantity)	pół
litre	litr
I'll drink half a litre of water because I'm thirsty.	Wypiję pół litra wody, bo jestem spragniony.
one and a half (m/n)	półtora
We drink a litre and a half of juice every day.	Codziennie pijemy półtora litra soku.
one and a half (f)	półtorej
glass	szklanka
flour	mąka
You need a glass and a half of flour to bake a cake.	Żeby upiec ciasto, potrzebujesz półtorej szklanki mąki.
I only need half a glass of flour for this pizza.	Do tej pizzy potrzebuję tylko pół szklanki mąki.
kilogram	kilogram
I'll buy a kilo and a half of cheese.	Kupię półtora kilograma sera.
Half a kilo of meat, please.	Proszę pół kilograma mięsa.
cup	filiżanka
She drank a cup and a half of black coffee in the morning.	Rano wypiła półtorej filiżanki czarnej kawy.
Do you want another half a cup of tea?	Chcesz jeszcze pół filiżanki herbaty?
piece	kawałek
I ate a piece and a half of cake yesterday!	Zjadłem wczoraj półtora kawałka tortu!
portion	porcja
I'll only eat half a portion, because it's a big piece.	Zjem tylko pół porcji, bo to duży kawałek.
I always order a portion and a half of soup.	Zawsze zamawiam półtorej porcji zupy.
We'll wait at the station for an hour and a half.	Będziemy czekać na dworcu półtorej godziny.
My son has been studying in England for half a year.	Mój syn studiuje w Anglii od pół roku.
I've been working in this company for a year and a half already.	Pracuję w tej firmie już półtora roku.