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Use the Genitive plural to talk about quantities (many items) or lack thereof (zero items). You will see it in two main situations:
- After quantity words like **dużo** (a lot), **ile** (how many), and numbers five and up (pięć, dziesięć, etc.).
- As the direct object in negative sentences (e.g., when you don't have or see items).

Masculine nouns form the Genitive plural with **-ów**, **-y**, or **-i**, depending on the last consonant of the noun.

### The *-ów* Ending

The most common ending is **-ów**. Use it for nouns ending in a hard consonant (like **n**, **r**, **t**, **k**), as well as a few exceptions like *cel* (goal). Remember that nouns ending in *-ek* drop the "e" (*ołówek* → *ołówków*).

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### The *-y* Ending

Nouns ending in sounds like **sz**, **rz**, **cz**, and **ż** take **-y** (*kosz* → *koszy*, *talerz* → *talerzy*).

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### The *-i* Ending

Nouns ending in soft consonants like **ć** or **ś** take **-i**. The accent mark above the consonant drops, as the "i" automatically softens the sound before it (*liść* → *liści*, *gość* → *gości*).

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Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
plate	talerz
We didn't have plates yesterday.	Wczoraj nie mieliśmy talerzy.
How many plates do you want?	Ile talerzy chcecie?
basket	kosz
I see five baskets in the room.	Widzę pięć koszy w pokoju.
There are a lot of baskets here.	Tutaj jest dużo koszy.
pencil	ołówek
The boy has a lot of pencils.	Chłopiec ma dużo ołówków.
She didn't buy pencils yesterday.	Wczoraj nie kupiła ołówków.
plan	plan
The director has a lot of plans for tomorrow.	Dyrektor ma dużo planów na jutro.
We don't have plans for the weekend.	Nie mamy planów na weekend.
accident	wypadek
There were a lot of accidents here.	Było tu dużo wypadków.
We don't want accidents in the company.	Nie chcemy wypadków w firmie.
dollar	dolar
It costs ten dollars.	To kosztuje dziesięć dolarów.
I don't have dollars.	Nie mam dolarów.
joke	żart
I don't like his jokes.	Nie lubię jego żartów.
We listened to his jokes.	Słuchaliśmy jego żartów.
step	krok
I am doing ten steps.	Robię dziesięć kroków.
How many steps will you do today?	Ile kroków dzisiaj zrobisz?
goal	cel
They have five goals.	Mają pięć celów.
Our manager has a lot of goals.	Nasz kierownik ma dużo celów.
leaf	liść
The tree doesn't have leaves.	Drzewo nie ma liści.
Yesterday I saw a lot of leaves in the park.	Wczoraj widziałem dużo liści w parku.
We do not have dollars here.	Nie mamy tu dolarów.
There are a lot of cars here.	Jest tu dużo samochodów.
We do not have guests today.	Nie mamy dzisiaj gości.
There are many doctors in the hospital.	W szpitalu jest dużo lekarzy.