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When talking about personal milestones and life stages, you will often want to link two related thoughts into a single sentence. You can do this using the relative pronouns **gdzie** (where) and **kiedy** (when).

Unlike the pronoun *który*, which changes its form to match gender and case, **gdzie** and **kiedy** do not decline. They always keep the same form.

### Clauses of place with "gdzie"

Use **gdzie** to link a clause back to a physical location mentioned in the main sentence, such as a city, a building, or a region. This is useful when talking about places you grew up (*dorastać*).

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### Clauses of time with "kiedy"

Similarly, use **kiedy** to refer back to a specific period, year, or moment in time. This is commonly used to describe stages of life, such as youth (*młodość*).

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You can also use these structures to describe the locations of specific life stages:

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### Educational milestones

You will frequently use **gdzie** and **kiedy** to attach memories to educational periods, like high school (*liceum*), the high school exit exam (*matura*), or university studies (*studia*).

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### Moving and later life

Major life events, like a move to a new home (*przeprowadzka*), are often framed as a specific moment (*moment*). You can use **kiedy** to describe what happened during that time, or **gdzie** to specify the destination if you are talking about the physical place you moved to (*przeprowadzić się*).

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These structures also apply perfectly when discussing later life stages, such as old age (*starość*).

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Clauses of place and time (gdzie, kiedy)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
to grow up (imperfective)	dorastać
This is the city where I grew up.	To jest miasto, gdzie dorastałem.
the youth	młodość
Youth is a time when we grow up quickly.	Młodość to czas, kiedy szybko dorastamy.
My grandmother remembers the village where she spent her youth.	Moja babcia pamięta wieś, gdzie spędzała młodość.
the high school	liceum
This is the high school where I met my wife.	To jest liceum, gdzie poznałem moją żonę.
the high school exit exam	matura
I remember the year when I was finishing high school and writing the matura exam.	Pamiętam rok, kiedy kończyłem liceum i pisałem maturę.
the moment	moment
the university studies	studia
The high school exit exam was a difficult moment when I wanted to go to university.	Matura to był trudny moment, kiedy chciałem pójść na studia.
I am returning from the city where I finished my university studies.	Wracam z miasta, gdzie skończyłem studia.
the move	przeprowadzka
Moving house is a moment when everything is in boxes.	Przeprowadzka to moment, kiedy wszystko jest w pudełkach.
to move house	przeprowadzić się
This is the street where we had to move.	To jest ulica, gdzie musieliśmy się przeprowadzić.
memorable	pamiętny
It was a memorable year when we moved to the capital.	To był pamiętny rok, kiedy przeprowadziliśmy się do stolicy.
the old age	starość
Is old age a period when we can finally rest?	Czy starość to okres, kiedy możemy wreszcie odpocząć?
This is the house where my grandmother is spending her old age.	To jest dom, gdzie moja babcia spędza starość.
In 1990 we moved to the city where we live now.	W tysiąc dziewięćset dziewięćdziesiątym roku przeprowadziliśmy się do miasta, gdzie teraz mieszkamy.
I am returning from high school to the house where I am waiting for a move.	Wracam z liceum do domu, gdzie czekam na przeprowadzkę.
This is that memorable house where I grew up.	To jest ten pamiętny dom, gdzie dorastałem.

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