Japanese

<p>
	In an earlier lesson we've already learned that in the plain form,
	we can drop <strong>です</strong> after <strong>い-adjectives</strong>,
	and that we can change <strong>です</strong> into <strong>だ</strong> after nouns and <strong>な-adjectives</strong>.
</p>

<p>
	In casual conversation with people we know well,
	we can even drop the <strong>だ</strong> after nouns and <strong>な-adjectives</strong>.
</p>

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<p>
	In the last sentence above,
	it would be grammatically wrong to use to use <strong>だ</strong> in front of the question particle <strong>か</strong>.
	Though <strong>です</strong> is frequently used in front of the question particle,
	it is mandatory to drop <strong>だ</strong> when using the question particle.
</p>

<p>
	Be careful with using <strong>か</strong> without using the copula <strong>です</strong>,
	because in the wrong situation, it can easily sound excessively harsh or rude.
</p>

<p>
	In casual speech with close friends or people lower in status, it's possible to use the plain form in invitations.
</p>

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<p>
	As you can see in the last sentence, invitations can be made even more informal by dropping the <strong>か</strong>.
	And while we're at it, why not drop the object particle after <strong>ビール</strong> as well?
</p>

<p>
	In casual speech in general, we can drop the particle <strong>か</strong> in question sentences,
	and instead use a rising intonation at the end of the sentence.
</p>

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Casual conversation

hiragana character

kanji

adnominal

adverb

auxiliary

conjunction

compound

i-adjective

interjection

noun

na-adjective

numeral

particle

case particle

conjunctive particle

discourse particle

prefix

pronoun

suffix

verb

sentence

hiragana writing

kanji writing

kanji component

reading vocabulary

katakana writing

katakana character

godan - group 1

itidan - group 2

group 3

transitive

intransitive

proper noun

discourse

phrase

expression

benrina

Breakdown of benrina

Usages of benrina