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### Singular Definite Articles ("The")

Just as you learned *un* and *una* for "a" or "an", Italian uses definite articles for "the". The article must match the gender of the noun:
- Use **il** before masculine singular nouns.
- Use **la** before feminine singular nouns.

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### Adjective Agreement

Descriptive words (adjectives) must also match the noun's gender. Most regular adjectives change their last letter:
- Masculine nouns take adjectives ending in **-o** (like *nuovo* or *piccolo*).
- Feminine nouns take adjectives ending in **-a** (like *nuova* or *piccola*).

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Adjectives that end in **-e**, like *grande* (big), are flexible. They use the exact same form for both masculine and feminine nouns.

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### Nouns Ending in "-e"

While most nouns ending in *-o* are masculine and *-a* are feminine, some Italian nouns end in *-e*. You will need to learn their gender as you encounter them. For example, *cane* (dog) is masculine, so it takes the article **il** and masculine adjective endings.

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Singular definite articles (il, la)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Past tense of modal verbs

Question	Answer
book	il libro
It is a book.	È un libro.
new	nuovo
The book is new.	Il libro è nuovo.
car	la macchina
big	grande
It is a big car.	È una macchina grande.
The car is new.	La macchina è nuova.
table	il tavolo
small	piccolo
It is a small table.	È un tavolo piccolo.
here	qui
The table is here.	Il tavolo è qui.
beautiful	bello
door	la porta
It is a beautiful door.	È una bella porta.
The house is big and the door is small.	La casa è grande e la porta è piccola.
dog	il cane
It is a dog.	È un cane.
The dog is beautiful and big.	Il cane è bello e grande.
You are the boy and I am the girl.	Tu sei il ragazzo e io sono la ragazza.
He is the man and she is the woman.	Lui è l'uomo e lei è la donna.
The girl is here and the dog is small.	La ragazza è qui e il cane è piccolo.
The woman is beautiful and the house is big.	La donna è bella e la casa è grande.