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### Infinitives as Nouns

To talk about an action as a concept—like "sleeping" or "hunting" in English—turn an Italian verb into a noun by placing the masculine singular definite article **il** in front of the infinitive.

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For reflexive verbs, drop the final **-e** from the infinitive and attach the pronoun as usual.

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Because these infinitives act as masculine singular nouns, any modifying adjectives must also take the masculine singular form.

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### After a Preposition

Use **il** when the action is the subject of the sentence. If the infinitive follows a preposition (like **prima di**), use the bare infinitive without an article.

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Infinitives as nouns (il bere, il dormire)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
wild (plants, animals)	selvatico
Hiding in the woods is the wild animal's instinct.	Il nascondersi nel bosco è l'istinto dell'animale selvatico.
den	la tana
The wild cat returned to the den.	Il gatto selvatico è tornato nella tana.
hibernation	il letargo
Before starting hibernation, the bear prepares the den.	Prima di iniziare il letargo, l'orso prepara la tana.
Sleeping a lot is typical of the bear.	Il dormire molto è tipico dell'orso.
to hunt	cacciare
Hunting in the woods is difficult.	Il cacciare nel bosco è difficile.
fox	la volpe
I do not know why the fox stopped hunting.	Non so perché la volpe abbia smesso di cacciare.
deer	il cervo
The fox escaped and the deer stayed.	La volpe è scappata e il cervo è rimasto.
Drinking at the river is dangerous for the deer.	Il bere al fiume è pericoloso per il cervo.
silent	silenzioso
owl	il gufo
Silent flying is essential for the owl.	Il volare silenzioso è essenziale per il gufo.
I do not understand if the wild animal is silent.	Non capisco se l'animale selvatico sia silenzioso.
to migrate	migrare
Migrating in autumn is long.	Il migrare in autunno è lungo.
bat	il pipistrello
The owl observes the bat before hunting.	Il gufo osserva il pipistrello prima di cacciare.
Before migrating, the birds eat a lot.	Prima di migrare, gli uccelli mangiano tanto.
Sleeping in hibernation is natural for the bat.	Il dormire in letargo è naturale per il pipistrello.