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Icelandic

In Icelandic, the demonstrative pronoun for "this" changes to match the gender of the noun it points to.

| Gender | "This" (Nominative) |
|---|---|
| Masculine | **þessi** |
| Feminine | **þessi** |
| Neuter | **þetta** |

When using "this" directly in front of a noun, the noun must be in its **indefinite** form. Drop the attached "the" ending (e.g., *spegillinn* becomes *þessi spegill*).

### Þessi (Masculine and Feminine)

Both masculine and feminine nouns use the form **þessi**.

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### Þetta (Neuter)

Neuter nouns use the form **þetta**.

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When combining sentences, match the form of "this" to each individual noun.

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### Pointing things out: "Þetta er..."

When using "this" as a standalone subject to introduce an object ("This is a..."), always use the neuter **þetta**, regardless of the noun's actual gender.

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Even though *hnífur* (knife) is masculine, the sentence begins with *þetta* because "this" acts as a general introductory subject.

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Weak adjectives in the nominative (-i, -a, -a)

Question	Answer
this (m/f)	þessi
the mirror	spegillinn
This mirror is very old.	Þessi spegill er mjög gamall.
the light	ljósið
I find this light very beautiful.	Mér finnst þetta ljós mjög fallegt.
the camera	myndavélin
This camera is new.	Þessi myndavél er ný.
the video	myndbandið
Was this video fun?	Var þetta myndband skemmtilegt?
the pencil	blýanturinn
Is this pencil yours?	Er þessi blýantur þinn?
the story	sagan
This story was very good.	Þessi saga var mjög góð.
the singer	söngvarinn
This singer is from Iceland.	Þessi söngvari er frá Íslandi.
the color	liturinn
I find this color beautiful.	Mér finnst þessi litur fallegur.
This light is very bright.	Þetta ljós er mjög bjart.
Is this camera cheap?	Er þessi myndavél ódýr?
This movie is boring but this video is funny.	Þessi bíómynd er leiðinleg en þetta myndband er fyndið.
Was this singer sick yesterday?	Var þessi söngvari veikur í gær?
This jacket is black and this shirt is white.	Þessi jakki er svartur og þessi skyrta er hvít.
This car is mine.	Þessi bíll er minn.
This mirror is big and this color is beautiful.	Þessi spegill er stór og þessi litur er fallegur.
This pencil is new and this story is fun.	Þessi blýantur er nýr og þessi saga er skemmtileg.
the knife	hnífurinn
heavy	þungur
This knife is very heavy.	Þessi hnífur er mjög þungur.
the spoon	skeiðin
Is this spoon expensive?	Er þessi skeið dýr?
This table is not heavy.	Þetta borð er ekki þungt.
This is my knife.	Þetta er hnífurinn minn.
I think this spoon is beautiful.	Mér finnst þessi skeið falleg.