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Icelandic

### The Simple Past of Weak Verbs

Icelandic verbs are divided into "strong" and "weak" verbs. Weak verbs form the past tense by adding a suffix to the stem.

The most common group of weak verbs (Group 1) has infinitives ending in **-a**. For the first person (**ég**) and the third person singular (**hann**, **hún**, **það**, or specific names), you simply drop the final **-a** and add **-aði**.

| Pronoun | Suffix | Example (*labba*) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Ég** (I) | -aði | labbaði |
| **Hann / hún / það** (He / she / it) | -aði | labbaði |

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### Talking About When It Happened

To set the scene and recount events, you will often use time phrases like **í gær** (yesterday), **í dag** (today), or **um helgina** (over the weekend).

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### More Group 1 Verbs

Many everyday actions belong to this verb group. Whether you are ordering food, tasting something, cleaning, or calling out to someone, you will use the **-aði** ending to describe what you or someone else did.

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Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Weak adjectives in the nominative (-i, -a, -a)

Question	Answer
to walk (informal)	labba
I walked home yesterday.	Ég labbaði heim í gær.
over / during (a period of time)	um
the weekend	helgin
He walked to town over the weekend.	Hann labbaði í bæinn um helgina.
to cycle	hjóla
also	líka
She also cycled to town yesterday.	Hún hjólaði líka í bæinn í gær.
Mom cycled to the beach.	Mamma hjólaði á ströndina.
to order	panta
the pizza	pitsan
Jón ordered the pizza.	Jón pantaði pitsuna.
the dinner	kvöldmaturinn
I also ordered dinner.	Ég pantaði líka kvöldmatinn.
Anna cooked dinner over the weekend.	Anna eldaði kvöldmatinn um helgina.
to taste	smakka
I tasted the pizza.	Ég smakkaði pitsuna.
the chocolate	súkkulaðið
The child tasted the chocolate.	Barnið smakkaði súkkulaðið.
The girl loves the chocolate.	Stelpan elskar súkkulaðið.
to mop	skúra
I mopped the bathroom today.	Ég skúraði baðherbergið í dag.
Dad mopped the kitchen and I mopped the living room.	Pabbi skúraði eldhúsið og ég skúraði stofuna.
to call	kalla
The teacher called to the student.	Kennarinn kallaði á nemandann.
I called my dog.	Ég kallaði á hundinn minn.