Cây có rễ, thân cây, cành và lá.

Here có means to have.

So the pattern is:

• X có Y = X has Y

In this sentence, Cây có rễ, thân cây, cành và lá means that a plant/tree has roots, a trunk/stem, branches, and leaves.

A useful note: có can also mean there is/there are in other sentence patterns, but here it clearly means has because cây is the thing possessing the parts.

Here it is a noun.

Vietnamese cây can be:

• a noun meaning tree or plant
• a classifier used with certain objects, especially plants and some long rigid things

In this sentence, Cây stands alone as the subject, so it is a noun.

Compare:

• Cây có rễ... = A plant/tree has roots... → cây is a noun
• một cây bút = one pen → cây is a classifier
• một cây cam = an orange tree → cây is a classifier before the specific type of tree

So in your sentence, the first cây is not a classifier.

It can mean either, depending on context.

Common possibilities:

• tree
• plant

In a basic science or textbook context, cây often means plant in a general sense.
So this sentence may be describing the parts of a plant.

But if the picture or lesson is specifically about a tree, then cây can naturally be understood as tree.

That is very normal in Vietnamese: one word often covers a wider range than a single English word.

Because thân cây is a noun phrase meaning the trunk/stem of the plant/tree.

The first cây is the subject of the sentence:

• Cây = the plant/tree

Later, thân cây names one of its parts:

• thân = body, trunk, stem
• thân cây = plant stem / tree trunk

Vietnamese often uses this kind of structure to make the meaning clearer.

So the sentence is not awkward repetition. It is more like:

• The plant has roots, the plant’s stem/trunk, branches, and leaves.

Because Vietnamese usually puts the main noun first and the describing word after it.

So:

• thân cây = literally something like stem/trunk plant
• natural English translation: plant stem or tree trunk

This is a very common word order difference between Vietnamese and English.

More examples:

• lá cây = leaf of the plant / plant leaf
• rễ cây = root of the plant / plant root
• nhà bếp = kitchen
• xe đạp = bicycle

So thân cây follows a normal Vietnamese pattern.

Because Vietnamese does not require articles the way English does.

In English, you usually need something like:

• a plant
• the plant
• plants

In Vietnamese, a bare noun like cây can often do the job by itself, and the exact meaning comes from context.

So Cây có rễ, thân cây, cành và lá could be understood as:

• A plant has roots, a stem, branches, and leaves
• The plant has roots, a stem, branches, and leaves
• Plants have roots, stems, branches, and leaves

The context tells you which English version sounds best.

Because Vietnamese usually does not mark plural on nouns unless it needs to.

So:

• rễ can mean root or roots
• cành can mean branch or branches
• lá can mean leaf or leaves

In this sentence, the meaning is general, so English often uses plurals:

• roots
• branches
• leaves

Vietnamese leaves that to context.

If speakers really want to emphasize plurality, they can add words like những or các, but that is not necessary here.

Yes, you can, and it often sounds natural.

• Cây có rễ, thân, cành và lá.

This is a very normal way to list plant parts.

Using thân cây instead of just thân makes the meaning a little more explicit, especially for learners or in teaching materials.

So both are possible:

• thân = shorter, simpler
• thân cây = more specific and clearer

Và means and.

It connects the last item in the list, just like in English:

• rễ, thân cây, cành và lá
• roots, trunk/stem, branches, and leaves

The commas separate the earlier items, and và introduces the final one.

This is a very standard Vietnamese list pattern:

• A, B, C và D

A very literal breakdown is:

• Cây = plant/tree
• có = has
• rễ = roots
• thân cây = plant stem / tree trunk
• cành = branches
• và = and
• lá = leaves

So the structure is basically:

• Subject + có + list of parts

That is actually quite close to English word order:

• A plant has roots, a stem, branches, and leaves.

So grammatically, this sentence is fairly straightforward for an English speaker once you understand the vocabulary.