Лікар оглянув суглоб.

It actually is in the accusative case, but for many masculine inanimate nouns in Ukrainian, the accusative singular looks exactly the same as the nominative singular. So:

• суглоб = nominative singular
• суглоб = accusative singular

That is normal. Compare this with a masculine animate noun, where the accusative usually changes, for example лікар → лікаря.

Оглянув tells you three things at once:

• it is past tense
• it is singular
• it is masculine

So the sentence is about a masculine subject, or at least a subject treated grammatically as masculine. If the doctor were explicitly female, you would normally expect оглянула.

The dictionary form is оглянути. That is the infinitive, meaning to examine / to inspect / to look over.

A common imperfective partner is оглядати. So:

• оглянути = perfective
• оглядати = imperfective

Because оглянути is a perfective verb. Perfective verbs present the action as complete, as a whole event.

So Лікар оглянув суглоб suggests that the examination was carried out and finished. If you wanted was examining or a more ongoing/repeated sense, you would normally use the imperfective verb, for example Лікар оглядав суглоб.

Not always. Лікар is a grammatically masculine noun, but it can sometimes refer to a doctor regardless of sex, depending on context and style.

However, if you want to make it clearly female, Ukrainian often uses:

• лікарка = female doctor

or sometimes лікар with feminine verb agreement, depending on usage and register. In this exact sentence, оглянув is masculine, so it reads as a male doctor or at least grammatically masculine.

Ukrainian has no articles. There is no direct equivalent of English a/an or the in ordinary sentences.

So Лікар оглянув суглоб could mean:

• The doctor examined the joint
• A doctor examined the joint
• sometimes other article choices depending on context

The exact English article comes from the situation, not from a separate Ukrainian word.

Yes. Ukrainian word order is fairly flexible because case endings help show who is doing what.

For example, you could also say:

• Суглоб оглянув лікар.

That still means The doctor examined the joint, but the emphasis changes. This version puts more focus on суглоб or makes the sentence sound more marked or contrastive.

In standard Ukrainian, г is usually pronounced like a voiced h-like sound /ɦ/, not like the hard English g in go. The hard g sound is written with ґ in Ukrainian.

So in these words, the г is the normal Ukrainian г, not ґ.

Because in a medical context, оглянути often means to examine or to inspect professionally, not just to direct your eyes at something.

So with лікар as the subject, оглянув суглоб strongly suggests a medical examination of the joint, not a casual glance.