Гальмівна колодка стара.

In Ukrainian, the verb to be is usually omitted in the present tense.

So:

• Гальмівна колодка стара. = The brake pad is old.

You do not normally say є here in everyday neutral speech.
Ukrainian often works like:

• Він лікар. = He is a doctor.
• Книга цікава. = The book is interesting.

You may sometimes see є, but not as the normal equivalent of English is in simple present-tense sentences.

Because they both agree with колодка, which is a feminine singular noun.

In Ukrainian, adjectives must match the noun in:

• gender
• number
• case

Here:

• колодка = feminine singular
• гальмівна = feminine singular form of гальмівний (brake, braking)
• стара = feminine singular form of старий (old)

So the matching endings are completely normal.

It is in the nominative case.

This is the basic dictionary form, and it is used here because колодка is the subject of the sentence.

So:

• колодка = nominative singular
• гальмівна agrees with it
• стара also agrees with it

The whole sentence is a simple statement about the subject:
The brake pad is old.

Because here стара is part of the predicate: it means is old, not just old as a description inside the noun phrase.

Compare:

• Гальмівна колодка стара. = The brake pad is old.
• Стара гальмівна колодка. = an old brake pad / the old brake pad

So:

• before the noun: adjective directly describes the noun
• after the noun: often part of the statement about the noun

This is a very useful distinction in Ukrainian.

Yes, but it would not mean exactly the same thing.

• Гальмівна колодка стара. = The brake pad is old.
• Стара гальмівна колодка = old brake pad

The first is a full sentence.
The second is just a noun phrase unless you add more words.

For example:

• Стара гальмівна колодка лежить на столі.
  = The old brake pad is lying on the table.

It usually means brake pad in many contexts, especially when talking about vehicles and repairs.

However, depending on the mechanical context, it can sometimes be translated as:

• brake pad
• brake shoe
• brake block

The general idea is a part of the braking system.
If this sentence came from automotive vocabulary, brake pad is the most likely translation.

A helpful approximation is:

• Гальмівна → hal-MEEV-na
• колодка → ko-LOD-ka
• стара → sta-RA

Stress:

• гальмі́вна
• коло́дка
• стара́

A few pronunciation notes:

• г in Ukrainian is usually like a soft h sound, not a hard English g
• вн in гальмівна may feel a little clustered, but just say it smoothly
• лк in колодка is also a normal consonant cluster in Ukrainian

Because Ukrainian does not have articles like English a/an and the.

So Гальмівна колодка стара can mean:

• The brake pad is old
• A brake pad is old

In real life, the context tells you which one is meant.
Very often, English translations add the or a even though there is no separate Ukrainian word for them.

Yes. The dictionary form is usually старий (old), which is the masculine singular nominative form.

Some common forms are:

• старий — masculine
• стара — feminine
• старе — neuter
• старі — plural

Since колодка is feminine, you need стара.

Yes, Ukrainian word order is fairly flexible, but different orders can sound more neutral or more emphatic.

The most neutral version here is:

• Гальмівна колодка стара.

You could also say:

• Стара гальмівна колодка. — but that changes the structure and usually means old brake pad
• Стара гальмівна колодка? — could work in a context like checking or repeating information
• Гальмівна колодка — стара. — with a pause or dash, this can sound contrastive or emphatic

So yes, word order can change, but meaning and emphasis may change too.