Tencere kapağını kapatınca çorba daha yavaş soğuyor.

It has two parts:

• Tencere kapağını kapatınca = when/once you close the pot lid
• çorba daha yavaş soğuyor = the soup cools more slowly

So the first part sets the condition or time, and the second part gives the result.

A very literal breakdown is:

• tencere kapağını = the pot lid
• kapatınca = when closing / when you close
• çorba = the soup
• daha yavaş = more slowly
• soğuyor = is cooling / cools

Tencere kapağı is a very common Turkish noun compound meaning pot lid.

In this kind of compound:

• the first noun usually stays bare: tencere
• the second noun takes a possessive-type ending: kapak → kapağı

So:

• tencere kapağı = pot lid
• tencere kapağını = the pot lid as a definite direct object

You can also say tencerenin kapağı / tencerenin kapağını, which is more explicitly the lid of the pot.

Very roughly:

• tencere kapağı = a normal compound, very natural
• tencerenin kapağı = more explicitly possessive, also correct

Both are possible, but the compound version is extremely common in everyday Turkish.

Because several things are happening at once.

Start with the base noun:

• kapak = lid

In the compound tencere kapağı, it becomes:

• kapak
  • -(s)I → kapağı

That ending shows the second part of a noun compound.

Then, because it is the definite direct object of kapatmak (to close), it also takes the accusative:

• kapağı
  • -(y)I / -(n)I → kapağını

So kapağını contains:

• the compound/possessive ending
• the accusative ending

That is why it looks long.

This is because of consonant softening.

Some Turkish words ending in p, ç, t, k change when a vowel-initial suffix is added. Here:

• kapak → kapağ-

So:

• kapak
• kapağı
• kapağını

The k changes to ğ before the vowel-initial endings.

This is very common in Turkish:

• kitap → kitabı
• ağaç → ağacı
• kanat → kanadı
• renk → rengi

-ınca / -ince is a suffix meaning something like:

• when
• once
• as soon as

So:

• kapatmak = to close
• kapatınca = when (someone) closes / once (someone) closes

In this sentence, kapatınca connects the first action to the second:

• When the lid is closed, the soup cools more slowly

It is not a fully conjugated verb with a stated person like I close or you close. It is a subordinate form.

Turkish often leaves out subjects when they are obvious, generic, or unimportant.

So kapatınca here can mean something like:

• when you close it
• when one closes it
• when it is closed

The sentence is giving a general fact, so Turkish does not need to say sen.

If you wanted to make the doer explicit, you could say:

• Sen tencere kapağını kapatınca... = When you close the pot lid...
• Annem tencere kapağını kapatınca... = When my mother closes the pot lid...

Because çorba is the subject of soğuyor.

• çorba soğuyor = the soup is cooling

The accusative -yı / -yi / -yu / -yü is used for a definite direct object, not for the subject.

Compare:

• Çorba soğuyor. = The soup is cooling.
• Çorbayı içiyorum. = I am drinking the soup.

In the second sentence, çorbayı is the object, so it takes the accusative.

Because Turkish often uses the same word as both an adjective and an adverb.

• yavaş can mean slow or slowly, depending on context

And daha means more.

So:

• yavaş = slow / slowly
• daha yavaş = slower / more slowly

Here it modifies the verb soğuyor, so in English we translate it adverbially:

• çorba daha yavaş soğuyor = the soup cools more slowly

English needs slowly, but Turkish can simply use yavaş.

Soğuyor is the present progressive form:

• soğumak = to cool
• soğuyor = is cooling / cools

In everyday Turkish, the -yor form is used very often, even for general real-world processes like this one.

So:

• çorba daha yavaş soğuyor sounds natural in normal speech

You could also hear:

• çorba daha yavaş soğur

That sounds more like a general, formal, scientific, or habitual statement: soup cools more slowly.

So the difference is mainly about style and feel:

• soğuyor = everyday, natural, process-oriented
• soğur = more general or formal

Because the sentence is not saying the soup does not cool. It is saying it cools more slowly.

So the idea is:

• the soup still cools
• but it cools at a slower rate

That is why Turkish uses:

• daha yavaş soğuyor = it cools more slowly

If you said soğumuyor, that would mean:

• it is not cooling

which is a different meaning.

The Turkish letter ğ is unusual for English speakers because it usually is not pronounced like a hard consonant.

In many cases, it:

• lengthens the previous vowel
• or creates a slight glide

So:

• kapağını sounds roughly like kapaa-nı
• soğuyor sounds roughly like soo-yor or so-u-yor, depending on speech style

The exact sound can vary a bit, but the main point is:

• do not pronounce ğ like English g

Yes. Turkish word order is flexible, although some orders sound more neutral than others.

The given sentence:

• Tencere kapağını kapatınca çorba daha yavaş soğuyor.

is a very natural order.

You could also say:

• Çorba, tencere kapağını kapatınca daha yavaş soğuyor.

This puts more focus on çorba.

In Turkish, the most important or emphasized information often comes just before the verb, and subordinate clauses can move around. But the original version is probably the most straightforward everyday phrasing.

It is mainly when / once.

So:

• kapatınca = when you close it / once you close it

In English, we might sometimes translate the whole idea with if because it describes a cause-and-effect relationship:

• If you close the pot lid, the soup cools more slowly

But grammatically, -ınca is closer to when than to if.

If you wanted a clearer if, Turkish would more likely use -sa / -se:

• Tencere kapağını kapatırsan, çorba daha yavaş soğur.
• If you close the pot lid, the soup cools more slowly.

So the original sentence has more of a when that happens feeling than a pure hypothetical if.