Topuklu ayakkabılarımı çıkardığım için dönüşte metrobüste daha rahat durabildim.

Yes:

• topuklu = high-heeled / with heels
• ayakkabı-lar-ım-ı = shoe-PL-my-ACC → my shoes (as the direct object)
• çıkar-dığ-ım için = because I took off
• dönüş-te = on the way back / during the return
• metrobüs-te = on the metrobus
• daha rahat = more comfortably / more at ease
• dur-a-bil-di-m = stand-be able-PAST-1SG → I was able to stand / I could stand

So the structure is roughly:

Because I took off my high-heeled shoes, I could stand more comfortably on the metrobus on the way back.

Topuk means heel.

The suffix -lu / -lü / -lı / -li means something like with, having, characterized by.

So:

• topuk = heel
• topuklu = with heels, so heeled / high-heeled

This suffix is very common in Turkish:

• şekerli kahve = coffee with sugar
• tuzlu = salty, with salt
• uzun kollu gömlek = long-sleeved shirt

So topuklu ayakkabı literally means shoe with heels.

Ayakkabılarımı breaks down as:

• ayakkabı = shoe
• -lar = plural
• -ım = my
• -ı = accusative case

So:

• ayakkabılarım = my shoes
• ayakkabılarımı = my shoes as a specific direct object

The accusative is used because these are definite/specific shoes, and also because possessed direct objects normally take the accusative.

Compare:

• Ayakkabı giydim. = I wore shoes. (non-specific)
• Ayakkabılarımı giydim. = I wore my shoes. (specific)

Also, the plural makes sense because we are talking about a pair of shoes.

Because için cannot normally follow a plain finite verb like çıkardım.

To say because I did X, Turkish usually turns the verb into a nominalized clause. That is what çıkardığım is doing here.

• çıkardım = I took off
• çıkardığım = the fact that I took off / my taking off

Then:

• çıkardığım için = because I took off

You can think of it as:

• [topuklu ayakkabılarımı çıkardığım] için
• because of my taking off my high-heeled shoes

This pattern is extremely common:

• Geldiğim için mutluyum. = I’m happy because I came.
• Yorgun olduğum için erken yattım. = I went to bed early because I was tired.

Because çıkarmak is the transitive verb meaning to remove / take off, while çıkmak usually means to go out / come out / leave.

Here you are doing something to the shoes, so Turkish uses the transitive form:

• çıkmak = to go out, come out
• çıkarmak = to take out, remove, take off

Examples:

• Otobüsten çıktım. = I got off / came out of the bus.
• Ayakkabılarımı çıkardım. = I took off my shoes.

So ayakkabılarımı çıkardığım için is correct because the shoes are the object of the action.

Dönüşte comes from:

• dönüş = return, way back
• -te = locative case (in, at, on)

So dönüşte means something like:

• on the way back
• during the return
• when returning

It is a very natural Turkish time expression.

Compare:

• gidişte = on the way there
• dönüşte = on the way back

So in this sentence, dönüşte tells you when the speaker could stand more comfortably: on the return trip.

Because -de / -da / -te / -ta is the locative suffix, meaning in, at, on.

So:

• metrobüs = metrobus
• metrobüste = on/in the metrobus

The form is -te here because of consonant devoicing. After a voiceless consonant like s, Turkish uses -te / -ta rather than -de / -da.

Compare:

• evde = at home
• okulda = at school
• otobüste = on the bus
• metrobüste = on the metrobus

In English we usually say on the bus, but Turkish just uses the locative suffix.

Durabildim is built from:

• durmak = to stand / remain standing / stay
• -abil- = can, be able to
• -di = past tense
• -m = I

So:

• durabildim = I could stand / I was able to stand / I managed to stand

In this sentence, it suggests that standing became easier or more manageable after taking off the shoes.

This is different from plain durdum:

• durdum = I stood / I stopped
• durabildim = I was able to stand

So durabildim adds the idea of ability or manageability, not just the action itself.

Because in Turkish, adjectives often also function as adverbs without changing form.

So:

• rahat can mean comfortable or comfortably, depending on context
• daha rahat = more comfortable / more comfortably

In this sentence:

• daha rahat durabildim = I could stand more comfortably

Turkish does not need an -ly ending like English does.

Other examples:

• hızlı konuşuyor = he/she speaks quickly
• yavaş yürü = walk slowly
• iyi yazıyor = he/she writes well

So this is normal Turkish usage.

Because Turkish usually leaves out subject pronouns when the verb ending already shows the subject.

Here, the I is already clear from the endings:

• durabildim → the -m means I
• çıkardığım → the -ım also shows first person in the subordinate clause

So Turkish does not need ben unless there is emphasis or contrast.

Compare:

• Durabildim. = I could stand.
• Ben durabildim. = I could stand. (emphatic, contrastive)

This is very common in Turkish.

The word order is somewhat flexible, but the given version is very natural.

Turkish often puts:

1. background information first,
2. and the main verb at the end.

So here:

• Topuklu ayakkabılarımı çıkardığım için = reason
• dönüşte = time
• metrobüste = place
• daha rahat durabildim = main action

That is a very typical Turkish flow.

You could move parts around for emphasis, for example:

• Dönüşte metrobüste, topuklu ayakkabılarımı çıkardığım için daha rahat durabildim.

But the original sentence sounds smoother and more neutral.

So the order is not absolutely fixed, but changing it usually changes the emphasis.

It can mean both, depending on what comes before it.

With nouns or pronouns, için often means for:

• Senin için = for you
• ders için = for the lesson

With a nominalized clause, it often means because:

• yorgun olduğum için = because I was tired
• geldiği için = because he/she came
• çıkardığım için = because I took off

So the core idea of için is something like for / because of, and the exact English translation depends on the structure around it.