Çocuk büyüyor ve yeni şeyler öğreniyor.

-yor is the Turkish progressive marker, often taught as the present continuous. It usually corresponds to English is/are ...-ing.

So:

• büyüyor = is growing
• öğreniyor = is learning

In this sentence, both actions are happening as ongoing processes.

Because Turkish usually puts that meaning inside the verb itself.

In English, you need is growing and is learning. In Turkish, büyüyor already means he/she/it is growing, and öğreniyor already means he/she/it is learning.

So one Turkish verb often contains information that English expresses with two words.

Turkish does not have articles like English the and a/an in the same way.

A bare noun like çocuk can mean:

• the child
• a child
• sometimes just child in a general sense

The exact meaning depends on context. If Turkish wants to make a clearer, it can use bir:

• bir çocuk = a child / one child

Here, çocuk is naturally understood from context.

Because şey means thing, while şeyler means things.

The plural ending is -ler / -lar, chosen by vowel harmony. Here it is -ler:

• şey = thing
• şeyler = things

So yeni şeyler means new things.

Because Turkish adjectives do not change for singular/plural, gender, or person.

So:

• yeni şey = new thing
• yeni şeyler = new things

The adjective yeni stays the same. This is much simpler than in many European languages.

Both verbs are in the same tense/aspect and have the same subject.

• Çocuk büyüyor = The child is growing
• (Çocuk) yeni şeyler öğreniyor = (The child) is learning new things

Since the subject is the same and both actions are ongoing, both verbs take the progressive form. This is very natural in Turkish.

Start with the dictionary form:

• büyümek = to grow

Remove the infinitive ending -mek:

• büyü-

Then add the progressive suffix -(I)yor. With vowel-final stems like büyü-, the final vowel of the stem typically drops before this suffix, so you get:

• büyü- + -yor / -üyor → büyüyor

So büyüyor is the correct form, not büyüüyor.

Start with:

• öğrenmek = to learn

Remove -mek:

• öğren-

Then add the progressive suffix. Because of vowel harmony, the form here is -iyor:

• öğren- + -iyor = öğreniyor

Unlike büyüyor, nothing drops here, because the stem öğren- ends in a consonant.

The Turkish ğ is called yumuşak g, or soft g. It usually is not pronounced like a strong English g.

In a word like öğreniyor, it often:

• lengthens the previous vowel, or
• creates a very smooth transition to the next sound

So öğreniyor is not pronounced with a hard g sound. For an English speaker, it is roughly something like ö-reniyor with a softened, stretched vowel after ö.

Because the subject stays the same, and Turkish usually omits repeated subjects when they are obvious.

So:

• Çocuk büyüyor ve yeni şeyler öğreniyor.

is more natural than repeating:

• Çocuk büyüyor ve çocuk yeni şeyler öğreniyor.

The repeated version is possible, but it sounds more repetitive and is usually unnecessary.

Not completely. Turkish word order is flexible, but verbs often come at the end of their clause, especially when there is an object.

That is why you get:

• yeni şeyler öğreniyor

with yeni şeyler before the verb.

The sentence is natural as written, but Turkish can move parts around for emphasis. Changing the order may still be grammatical, but it can change what sounds most natural or what gets emphasized.