Learn Hardcore Turkish: Ben notu öğretmene ilettim. - I conveyed the note to the teacher.

No. The verb ending already shows the subject. İlettim ends with -m, which marks 1st person singular, so the natural everyday version is simply: Notu öğretmene ilettim. Use Ben only for emphasis or contrast, as in “I (not someone else) delivered it.”

Why does notu end with -u?

Because it’s the definite direct object. Turkish marks specific/definite direct objects with the 4‑way accusative suffix -(y)ı / -(y)i / -(y)u / -(y)ü.

Last vowel of not is o (back, rounded), so it takes -u: notu = “the note/grade.”
If it were indefinite (“a note”), you would not add the accusative: bir not ilettim (“I delivered a note”).
Saying just not ilettim is also grammatical and means “(I) delivered note(s),” but bir not is the usual way to make it clearly singular and indefinite.

Could notu mean “his/her note/grade” instead of “the note/grade”?

On its own, notu can be ambiguous in isolation:

notu (accusative of “note/grade”) = “the note/grade”
notu (3rd person possessive) = “his/her note/grade” (in nominative or as an object if indefinite)

But in your sentence, if you meant “his/her note/grade” as a definite object, Turkish normally shows both possession and accusative: notunu = “his/her note/grade” (as a definite object).

“I delivered his grade to the teacher” → Notunu öğretmene ilettim.
“I delivered the grade (the specific one we both know)” → Notu öğretmene ilettim.
Context usually makes it clear.

Why is it öğretmene and not öğretmeni?

öğretmene = teacher + dative -e → “to the teacher”
öğretmeni = teacher + accusative -i → “the teacher” as a direct object
Compare:
Öğretmene gittim. = “I went to the teacher.”
Öğretmeni gördüm. = “I saw the teacher.”

How does vowel harmony decide öğretmen-e vs. -a?

The dative is -(y)a / -(y)e, chosen by 2‑way vowel harmony:

After a front vowel (e, i, ö, ü) → -e
After a back vowel (a, ı, o, u) → -a
Since the last vowel in öğretmen is e (front), you get öğretmen-e.

Can I change the word order? What changes in meaning?

Yes. Turkish word order is flexible, and the element right before the verb is typically in focus (new/contrastive information).

Ben notu öğretmene ilettim. (focus on öğretmene = to the teacher)
Ben öğretmene notu ilettim. (focus on notu = the note)
Notu öğretmene ben ilettim. (focus on ben = it was me who did it)
Without emphasis, you can just drop Ben: Notu öğretmene ilettim.

What nuance does iletmek have compared to other verbs like vermek, göndermek, etc.?

iletmek: to convey/relay/forward (often used for messages, information, requests). Slightly formal.
vermek: to give/hand over (physical transfer).
göndermek: to send (by mail, courier, electronically).
aktarmak: to transmit/relay (information), to pass on.
bildirmek: to notify/report (often official or formal).
söylemek: to say/tell (verbal communication).
teslim etmek: to deliver/hand over officially.
For everyday “I gave the note to the teacher,” Notu öğretmene verdim is the most neutral. İlettim sounds more like “I conveyed/passed it on (as a message).”

How is ilettim formed, and why the double t?

Root: ilet- (“to convey”)
Past tense: -di (harmonizes/assimilates to -ti after voiceless consonants like t)
1st person singular: -m
Putting it together: ilet- + -ti + -m → ilettim.
The double t is simply the root-final t plus the -ti past marker.

How do I say “I am delivering” or “I will deliver”?

Present continuous: iletiyorum (ilet- + -iyor + -um) → “I am delivering/conveying.”
Future: ileteceğim (ilet- + -ecek + -im) → “I will deliver.”
Simple past ilettim is a completed action in the past.

When would I use the -miş past instead of -di? (e.g., iletmişim vs ilettim)

-di past (ilettim) = direct, witnessed, certain past.
-miş past (iletmişim) = reported, inferred, or newly discovered past (“apparently/I gather that I delivered it,” or “it turns out I delivered it”).
Choose -di for straightforward statements of what you did.

How do I replace the nouns with pronouns?

Direct object “it” → onu (accusative of o)
Indirect object “to him/her” → ona (dative of o)
Examples:
Onu öğretmene ilettim. = “I delivered it to the teacher.”
Notu ona ilettim. = “I delivered the note to him/her.”
You can use both: Onu ona ilettim (“I delivered it to him/her”), though in real life you’d usually name at least one participant to avoid ambiguity.

Where are “the” and “a” in Turkish?

Turkish has no articles. Definiteness/indefiniteness is shown differently:

Definite direct object takes accusative: notu = “the note/grade.”
Indefinite direct object is bare (often with bir): bir not (ilettim) = “(I delivered) a note.”
The dative öğretmene can mean “to the teacher” or “to a teacher,” and context or bir clarifies: bir öğretmene = “to a teacher.”

How do I make a yes–no question: “Did I deliver the note to the teacher?”

Use the question particle mi/ mı/ mü/ mu right after the predicate:

Notu öğretmene ilettim mi?
Note that mi is written separately and follows vowel harmony. Short answers:
Evet, ilettim. / Hayır, iletmedim.

How do I negate it?

Insert the negative -ma/-me before the tense:

ilet-me-di-m → iletmedim = “I did not deliver.”
Full sentence: Ben notu öğretmene iletmedim.

Any pronunciation tips for this sentence?

ö: front rounded vowel (like German ö).
ğ in öğretmene is not a hard “g”; it lengthens/smooths the preceding vowel.
Double tt in ilettim is a crisp, voiceless [t] sound.
Turkish generally stresses the last syllable of words; the question particle mi is unstressed.

Why is there no apostrophe in öğretmene?

Apostrophes are used before suffixes only with proper names: Ayşe’ye, Ali’ye. Common nouns like öğretmen do not take an apostrophe: öğretmene.

How would I say “to my teacher” and “my note”?

“to my teacher” → öğretmenime (öğretmen + 1sg poss -im
- dative -e)
“my note” (as a definite object) → notumu (not + 1sg poss -um
- accusative -u)
  Example: Notumu öğretmenime ilettim. = “I delivered my note to my teacher.”