Learn Hardcore Turkish: Sabah montumu, gömleğimi, pantolonumu ve şapkamı hızlıca giydim. - I quickly put on my coat, shirt, pants, and hat this morning.

Sabah here functions as an adverbial time expression meaning “in the morning.” In Turkish, certain time words (like sabah, akşam, dün, bugün) can stand alone without a case ending when you simply mean “morning,” “evening,” “yesterday,” “today,” etc. You could also say sabahleyin, but sabah on its own is completely natural.

Why are there commas between montumu, gömleğimi, pantolonumu and şapkamı?

Just like in English, commas separate items in a list in Turkish. Here you’re listing the things you put on: montumu, gömleğimi, pantolonumu ve şapkamı.

Why does each item, for example montumu, end with two suffixes?

Turkish is agglutinative: you add one suffix after another. In montumu:

-um is the first-person-singular possessive (“my coat”),
-u is the accusative case marker (because it’s a definite object).
So you attach the possessive first, then the case: mont + -um
- -u = montumu.

How do vowel harmony rules determine the exact form of possessive and accusative suffixes?

Turkish vowel harmony matches vowels of suffixes to the last vowel of the stem (or preceding suffix):

For back rounded stems (like mont with “o”), use -um (possession) and -u (accusative).
For front unrounded stems (like gömlek with “e”), use -im and -i.
For other vowels, you choose the corresponding variant (-ım/-ı, -üm/-ü) according to the same harmony rules.

How does gömlek + im + i become gömleğimi?

When you add -im to gömlek, the final “k” softens to “ğ” between vowels (a common consonant mutation), giving gömleğim. Then you add the accusative -i, resulting in gömleğimi.

Why do the direct objects take the accusative case here? Don’t Turkish objects sometimes appear without it?

In Turkish, you only use the accusative suffix on definite or specific direct objects. Since you’re talking about my coat, my shirt, etc.—things you can identify—they’re definite, so you mark them with -u, -i, -u, -ı. If they were indefinite/general (“I wore a coat”), you could drop the accusative.

What is hızlıca, and why can’t we just say hızlı giydim?

hızlı is an adjective meaning “fast.” To turn it into an adverb (“quickly”), Turkish typically adds -ca/ce, giving hızlıca. Adjectives can’t directly modify verbs, so hızlı giydim would be ungrammatical; you need the adverb form hızlıca giydim (“I dressed quickly”).

Could we place hızlıca after the verb as in giydim hızlıca?

The default Turkish order is Time – Manner – Place – Verb, so adverbs normally precede the verb. giydim hızlıca might be understood in casual speech, but it sounds awkward. hızlıca giydim is the natural word order.

Is the word order in “Sabah montumu, gömleğimi, pantolonumu ve şapkamı hızlıca giydim” fixed? Could I say Montumu sabah hızlıca giydim?

Turkish is relatively flexible. The neutral sequence is Time – Manner – Object – Verb: Sabah hızlıca montumu giydim. Moving montumu to the front (Montumu sabah hızlıca giydim) is also grammatical and simply puts emphasis on montumu.

Could I omit the possessive suffix and say montu, gömleği, etc., to mean “my coat,” “my shirt”?

No. Without -um/-im/-um/-ım, montu or gömleği would mean “the coat,” “the shirt,” not “my coat.” To express possession (“my …”), you must use the proper possessive suffix before any case marking.