Learn Hardcore Turkish: Koşu yaptıktan sonra hevesle kahvesini yudumladı. - After his run, he sipped his coffee with enthusiasm.

“Koşu yaptıktan sonra” literally breaks down into “koşu” meaning running (used as a noun) and “yaptıktan sonra,” which comes from the verb yapmak (to do) with the suffix –dıktan sonra meaning after having done. Together, they form a subordinate clause that translates as “after running.”

What does the word “hevesle” mean and how is it formed grammatically?

“Hevesle” means “enthusiastically” or “with eagerness.” It is formed from the noun heves (meaning enthusiasm or eagerness) combined with the instrumental suffix –le, which is used to indicate the manner in which an action is performed. In this sentence, it describes how the coffee was sipped.

Why is the subject not explicitly mentioned in the sentence?

Turkish often omits the subject when it is clear from the verb conjugation. In our sentence, the verb yudumladı is in the third person singular simple past form, so it implicitly indicates that “he” or “she” performed the action. This subject-dropping is a common feature in Turkish grammar.

How does “kahvesini” indicate both possession and its role as the object in the sentence?

“Kahvesini” comes from the base noun kahve (coffee). The segment –si is a third person possessive suffix, meaning “his” or “her,” and the ending –ni is the accusative case marker that shows it is the direct object of the verb. Together, they indicate “his/her coffee” as the object being sipped.

What is the meaning of “yudumladı” and what can we learn from its conjugation?

“Yudumladı” is derived from the verb yudumlamak, which means “to sip” (or to drink in small mouthfuls). The ending –dı signifies that the action took place in the simple past. Since the verb is conjugated in the third person singular form, it implies that someone (he/she) sipped their coffee.