Sponsorn ger en donation för att välgörenheten ska kunna hjälpa.

Because sponsorn is the definite singular form: the sponsor.

In Swedish, nouns often show definiteness by adding an ending:

• en sponsor = a sponsor
• sponsorn = the sponsor

So Sponsorn ger en donation ... means The sponsor gives a donation ...

This is the difference between indefinite and definite nouns.

• en donation = a donation
• välgörenheten = the charity

So the sentence is talking about:

• one donation, not a specific previously mentioned one
• a specific charity, or at least the charity as the intended recipient/helper

Also, both donation and välgörenhet are en-words, so their forms are:

• en donation → donationen
• en välgörenhet → välgörenheten

Here för att means in order that, so that, or more naturally in English, so that.

It introduces a purpose clause:

• Sponsorn ger en donation för att välgörenheten ska kunna hjälpa.
• The sponsor gives a donation so that the charity will be able to help.

This is different from the casual Swedish use of för att meaning because. In this sentence, it clearly shows purpose, not reason.

Because the person doing the action changes.

If the same subject does both actions, Swedish often uses för att + infinitive:

• Sponsorn sparar pengar för att hjälpa.
• The sponsor saves money to help.

Here, though, the sponsor gives the donation, but the charity is the one that helps. Since the subject changes, Swedish uses a full clause:

• för att välgörenheten ska kunna hjälpa

So this structure is very natural and important:

• main clause subject: Sponsorn
• purpose clause subject: välgörenheten

Ska kunna adds the idea of future/expected ability or resulting ability.

• kan hjälpa = can help / is able to help
• ska kunna hjälpa = will be able to help / should be able to help

In this sentence, the donation is meant to make that help possible. So ska kunna hjälpa suggests:

• the donation will enable the charity to help
• the expected result is that the charity will be able to help

It is a very common Swedish way to express this kind of intended result.

Here ska is not really just a simple future marker like English will. It helps express the idea that something is intended, expected, or supposed to become possible.

So:

• välgörenheten kan hjälpa = the charity is able to help
• välgörenheten ska kunna hjälpa = the charity will then be able to help / is meant to be able to help

In other words, ska connects the purpose of the donation to the charity’s future ability.

Because after för att, Swedish uses a subordinate clause, and subordinate clauses normally keep subject + finite verb order:

• välgörenheten = subject
• ska = finite verb
• kunna = infinitive
• hjälpa = infinitive

So:

• för att välgörenheten ska kunna hjälpa

That is the normal pattern. You do not invert the verb and subject here.

Yes. Swedish can use hjälpa without an explicit object when the meaning is general or understood from context.

So hjälpa here means something like:

• help people
• help those in need
• provide help

This is similar to English, where The charity helps can also sound complete if the context is clear enough.

In this sentence, it most naturally means the charity organization.

The word välgörenhet can refer to:

• charity as an abstract idea
• a charity as an organization

Here, because it is the thing that can hjälpa, it sounds like an organization or institution rather than the general concept of charity.

Yes, absolutely. A very natural alternative would be:

• Sponsorn donerar en summa för att välgörenheten ska kunna hjälpa.
• Sponsorn donerar pengar för att välgörenheten ska kunna hjälpa.

Both are fine, but there is a slight difference in feel:

• ger en donation = gives a donation
• donerar = donates

The verb donera is a bit more direct and specifically tied to donating, while ge en donation is also correct and understandable.