Hyresvärden gjorde ett avdrag.

Because Swedish very often makes compound nouns by joining words together.

• hyra = rent
• värd = host / landlord
• hyresvärd = landlord
• hyresvärden = the landlord

So what looks like several words in English is often a single word in Swedish.

The -en is the definite article attached to the noun. In English, you usually put the before the noun; in Swedish, you often attach it to the end.

• en hyresvärd = a landlord
• hyresvärden = the landlord

So hyresvärden already includes the idea of the.

Gjorde is the past tense of göra, which means to do or to make.

• göra = to do / to make
• gör = does / is doing
• gjorde = did / made
• gjort = done / made

In this sentence, gjorde ett avdrag is a very natural Swedish way to say made a deduction.

Because avdrag is an ett-word (a neuter noun), not an en-word.

In Swedish, singular nouns usually take either:

• en for common gender
• ett for neuter gender

So:

• ett avdrag = a deduction
• avdraget = the deduction

Unfortunately, noun gender usually has to be learned with each noun.

Avdrag usually means a deduction, reduction, or amount taken off.

Depending on context, it could refer to:

• a deduction from rent
• a discount
• a reduction in payment
• a tax deduction in other contexts

With hyresvärden, it most likely means the landlord reduced an amount, often from the rent or a bill.

Swedish often uses a light-verb expression, where a general verb like göra is combined with a noun.

So instead of one simple verb, Swedish may prefer:

• göra ett avdrag = make a deduction

This is similar to English expressions like:

• make a decision
• take a look
• give an answer

There is also a related verb expression, such as dra av (deduct / take off), but göra ett avdrag is a very normal and slightly more formal-sounding way to say it.

Yes, often you could, but the structure would usually be a bit different.

For example:

• Hyresvärden gjorde ett avdrag. = The landlord made a deduction.
• Hyresvärden drog av 500 kronor. = The landlord deducted 500 kronor.

So:

• göra ett avdrag focuses on the deduction as a noun
• dra av focuses more on the action of taking an amount off

Both are correct, but they are not always used in exactly the same sentence pattern.

In this sentence, the word order is straightforward:

• Hyresvärden = subject
• gjorde = verb
• ett avdrag = object

So it follows the basic pattern:

Subject + Verb + Object

That is very similar to English: The landlord made a deduction.

However, Swedish has an important V2 rule in main clauses: the finite verb usually comes in the second position. This sentence already fits that rule naturally.

Yes. Because it is in the definite form, it means the landlord, not just a landlord.

Compare:

• En hyresvärd gjorde ett avdrag. = A landlord made a deduction.
• Hyresvärden gjorde ett avdrag. = The landlord made a deduction.

So the sentence refers to a landlord that is already known from the context.

A simple approximate pronunciation for an English speaker is:

HY-res-vair-den YOR-de ett AV-drahg

A few notes:

• hy in hyres- is not exactly like English hy; Swedish y is a front rounded vowel, which English does not really have.
• gj in gjorde is pronounced like a y sound in standard Swedish, so gjorde sounds roughly like yor-de.
• avdrag has stress on the first syllable: AV-drag.

If you want a more careful approximation:

• Hyresvärden ≈ HYY-res-vair-den
• gjorde ≈ YOR-de
• ett avdrag ≈ ett AV-drahg

Because in Swedish, the definite article is usually attached to the noun itself.

So Swedish normally says:

• hyresvärden = the landlord

not:

• the + landlord as two separate words

A separate definite word can appear in other situations, especially with adjectives:

• den snälla hyresvärden = the kind landlord

Here, because there is no adjective, the ending -en is enough by itself.

Yes, Swedish common nouns are normally not capitalized.

So in the middle of a sentence, you would write:

• hyresvärden
• avdrag

It is capitalized here only because it is the first word of the sentence. Swedish capitalization is much closer to English than to German in this respect.