Spill inte kaffe på bordet.

Yes. Spill is the imperative form of the verb spilla, which means to spill.

So:

• att spilla = to spill
• Spill! = Spill!
• Spill inte! = Don’t spill!

In this sentence, the speaker is giving a negative command.

In Swedish, just like in English, imperative sentences usually leave out the subject.

Compare:

• English: Don’t spill coffee on the table.
• Swedish: Spill inte kaffe på bordet.

You could add du in some contexts for emphasis, but normally it is omitted in commands.

In Swedish negative commands, inte usually comes after the imperative verb.

Pattern:

• Verb + inte + rest

Examples:

• Gå inte dit. = Don’t go there.
• Rör inte det. = Don’t touch that.
• Spill inte kaffe på bordet. = Don’t spill coffee on the table.

So Spill inte is the normal word order for Don’t spill.

Because kaffe here is being used as an uncountable noun, like coffee in English.

When you mean coffee in a general substance sense, Swedish often uses the noun without an article:

• dricka kaffe = drink coffee
• spilla kaffe = spill coffee

You would use kaffet if you meant the coffee, something specific:

• Spill inte kaffet. = Don’t spill the coffee.

And ett kaffe often means a coffee as in a cup of coffee, especially when ordering.

Because på means on, and coffee is being spilled onto the surface of the table.

• på bordet = on the table
• i bordet would mean something more like in the table, which does not fit here

So på is the natural preposition for something ending up on a table’s surface.

Bordet is the definite form of bord, meaning the table.

• ett bord = a table
• bordet = the table

Swedish usually adds definiteness as a suffix:

• en bok = a book
• boken = the book

So på bordet means on the table.

Bord is an ett-word (neuter).

That is why:

• ett bord = a table
• bordet = the table

It matters because the indefinite article and the definite ending depend on the noun’s gender.

For comparison:

• en stol = a chair
• stolen = the chair

But in this sentence, you mainly need to recognize that bordet comes from ett bord.

They look similar, but what matters here is Swedish spilla = to spill.

The imperative spill is just the command form of that verb.

A learner should mainly remember:

• spilla = to spill
• spillde = spilled
• spillt = spilled (supine/past participle in some uses)
• Spill! = Spill!

So yes, it resembles English, which can make it easier to remember.

Yes, but it means something slightly different.

• Spill inte kaffe på bordet. = Don’t spill coffee on the table.
  This is more general.

• Spill inte kaffet på bordet. = Don’t spill the coffee on the table.
  This refers to a specific coffee, for example the coffee in your cup.

Both are correct; the choice depends on whether you mean coffee in general or a specific amount of coffee.

Yes. It is short, grammatical, and natural.

It sounds like something someone might say in a practical situation, especially to a child or to someone carrying a drink.

Swedish often uses short direct imperatives like this:

• Akta dig! = Watch out!
• Glöm inte nycklarna. = Don’t forget the keys.
• Spill inte kaffe på bordet. = Don’t spill coffee on the table.

So this is a perfectly normal everyday sentence.