Baadaye alituonyesha jinsi kivumishi na kiwakilishi vinavyobadilika katika sentensi.

Baadaye means later, afterwards, or later on.

It is placed at the beginning to set the time frame for the whole sentence: first something happened, and later this happened. Swahili often puts time expressions near the start of the sentence, although the position can sometimes vary.

Alituonyesha can be split like this:

• a- = he/she
• -li- = past tense
• -tu- = us
• -onyesha = show

So alituonyesha literally means he/she showed us.

This kind of verb packing is very normal in Swahili: subject, tense, object, and verb root often appear in one word.

Because Swahili verbs usually include a lot of grammatical information inside one verb form.

In English, you say he showed us as separate words. In Swahili, the same idea is built into one verb:

• a- = subject
• -li- = tense
• -tu- = object
• -onyesha = verb stem

So what English expresses with several words, Swahili often expresses with one.

Jinsi means how or the way that.

Here it introduces the explanation of what was shown:

• alituonyesha jinsi ... = he/she showed us how ...

So it connects the main idea (showed us) to the following clause (how the adjective and pronoun change in a sentence).

Because both nouns belong to the same noun class in Swahili: noun class 7 in the singular.

• kivumishi
• kiwakilishi

The singular prefix for that class is ki-.

Their plural class is class 8, which normally uses vi-. That is why forms related to these nouns often alternate between ki- and vi-.

This is because the subject is actually two things joined by na:

• kivumishi na kiwakilishi = the adjective and the pronoun

Even though each noun is singular by itself, together they form a plural idea. Since both nouns are from the ki-/vi- class, the agreement becomes plural vi-.

So:

• singular: kivumishi kinabadilika
• plural / coordinated idea: kivumishi na kiwakilishi vinabadilika / vinavyobadilika

That is why vi- appears in vinavyobadilika.

A useful breakdown is:

• vi- = subject agreement for noun class 8 plural
• -na- = present/ongoing marker
• -vyo- = relative marker for class 8
• -badilika = change, undergo change

So vinavyobadilika means something like:

• which change
• that change
• how they change in this context

After jinsi, Swahili very often uses this kind of relative-style verb form.

Because -badilika is the intransitive form: it means to change or to become different.

By contrast, -badili is transitive and usually means to change something.

So here:

• kivumishi na kiwakilishi vinavyobadilika = the adjective and pronoun changing

  The adjective and pronoun are the things undergoing the change, so -badilika is the right form.

Swahili can use singular nouns to talk about grammatical categories or items in a general, conceptual way, especially when discussing language.

So kivumishi na kiwakilishi can mean something like:

• the adjective and the pronoun
• an adjective and a pronoun, in a general grammatical sense

If the speaker wanted to talk more explicitly about adjectives and pronouns in general as groups, plural forms could also be used in another context. But the singular here is natural for talking about grammar as a concept.

Katika sentensi means in a sentence or within a sentence.

• katika is a common and fairly neutral/formal way to say in or inside
• sentensi = sentence

In everyday speech, some speakers might also say kwenye sentensi, which is often more conversational. But katika sentensi is perfectly correct and very natural, especially in explanatory or educational language.

Because Swahili does not have articles like English the, a, and an.

Whether a noun means a pronoun, the pronoun, or pronouns in general is usually understood from context.

So in this sentence, English needs articles, but Swahili does not. That is normal, not something missing.

Yes, it sounds fairly educational or explanatory, especially because of words like:

• kivumishi
• kiwakilishi
• katika sentensi

These are the kinds of words and structures you would expect in a grammar lesson, textbook, or classroom explanation. It is natural Swahili, but it is not casual everyday conversation.