Rozaduras y pelusa afectan al estado de conservación.

Because the subject is made of two nouns joined by y: rozaduras y pelusa. In Spanish, a compound subject like this normally takes a plural verb.

• rozaduras = plural
• pelusa = singular
• together = plural idea, so afectan

Compare:

• La pelusa afecta... = singular
• Las rozaduras afectan... = plural
• Las rozaduras y la pelusa afectan... = plural

Spanish often leaves out the article when speaking in a general way about things, especially in concise descriptions, reports, labels, or formal/objective writing.

So Rozaduras y pelusa sounds like a general statement about those factors, not about some specifically identified scratches and lint.

You could also say:

• Las rozaduras y la pelusa afectan al estado de conservación.

That is also correct, but it sounds a bit more specific or a bit heavier. The version without articles is very natural in short descriptive or technical language.

Because pelusa is usually treated as an uncountable or mass noun, like dust or lint in English. Even if there is a lot of it, Spanish normally keeps it singular.

So:

• Hay pelusa.
• La pelusa afecta...

If you want to talk about separate bits, you would normally rephrase it rather than just make pelusa plural.

Al is the contraction of a + el.

• a el → al

In this sentence, it appears because the verb afectar often takes a before what is affected:

• afectar a algo
• afectar a alguien

So:

• afectan al estado = afectan a el estado = they affect the condition/state

This contraction is mandatory with a + el. You cannot say a el estado here.

Because in Spanish, afectar is commonly used with the preposition a:

• Esto afecta a la calidad.
• La humedad afecta al papel.
• Los golpes afectan al estado de conservación.

This is just part of how the verb is usually constructed in Spanish. It is not the same as the English pattern, so it is best learned as:

• afectar a + noun

Because de + noun is very common in Spanish to form set expressions like state of preservation, quality of life, point of view, etc.

Here conservación is being used in a general, abstract sense, so no article is needed:

• estado de conservación
• nivel de ruido
• calidad de vida

If you said estado de la conservación, it would sound like you were referring to some specific conservation process already mentioned, which is not the idea here.

Yes, very much so. It is a common phrase in Spanish, especially in contexts like:

• museums
• archives
• books and documents
• antiques
• second-hand products
• restoration reports

It refers to the physical condition something is in, especially regarding wear, damage, or preservation.

It is a plural feminine noun from rozadura.

In this kind of context, rozaduras usually refers to marks, scuffs, rubbing damage, or abrasions caused by friction. It is a common word in descriptions of an object’s condition.

Related forms:

• una rozadura = one scuff/abrasion/rub mark
• rozaduras = scuffs/abrasions
• verb: rozar = to rub, brush against, scrape lightly

Yes. Pelusa is a very common everyday word in Spanish. It often means:

• lint
• fluff
• fuzzy fibres
• dust-like textile bits

Depending on context, it can also refer to soft fine hair or fuzz, but in a condition report like this, lint/fluff is the most likely idea.

Yes, that is grammatically correct. Spanish allows both versions:

• Rozaduras y pelusa afectan...
• La pelusa y las rozaduras afectan...

The difference is mostly stylistic and contextual. The version without articles is especially natural in compact descriptive writing, while the version with articles can sound a bit more explicit or specific.

Yes, although the original order is very natural. Possible alternatives include:

• La pelusa y las rozaduras afectan al estado de conservación.
• Al estado de conservación le afectan rozaduras y pelusa.

The second version is more marked and less neutral. The original sentence is the most straightforward for a report or description.

Yes, it sounds fairly formal or technical. It fits well in:

• catalogues
• conservation notes
• museum records
• product condition descriptions
• restoration assessments

In casual everyday speech, someone might choose simpler wording, but this sentence sounds perfectly natural in a written evaluative context.

In standard Peninsular Spanish, the z in rozaduras is pronounced like the th in thin:

• ro-tha-DU-ras

Very roughly:

• ro as in a short rolled Spanish ro
• za = tha
• stress on du

And conservación is stressed on the final syllable because of the written accent:

• con-ser-va-THYON in much of Spain

The c before i or e is also usually pronounced as th in standard Spain Spanish.

Yes. Spanish is flexible enough to allow that, especially in more literary or formal styles:

• Afectan al estado de conservación las rozaduras y la pelusa.

This is grammatical, but it is less neutral than the original. For most learners, the original order is the best model:

• Rozaduras y pelusa afectan al estado de conservación.