Портной подогнал пальто и перешил подкладку.

Because подогнал here comes from the verb подогнать, which has several meanings depending on context.

In everyday Russian, подогнать can mean:

• to bring something into the right size or shape
• to adjust for a good fit
• to tailor / alter

With clothing, it usually means to alter so it fits properly.

So in Портной подогнал пальто, the idea is:

• the tailor adjusted the coat
• the tailor made the coat fit
• the tailor altered the coat

Even if you know another meaning of подогнать, Russian often uses the same verb in different contexts, so the clothing context is what determines the meaning here.

Because the subject is портной, which is a masculine singular noun.

In Russian past tense, verbs agree with the subject in:

• gender
• number

So:

• masculine singular: подогнал, перешил
• feminine singular: подогнала, перешила
• neuter singular: подогнало, перешило
• plural: подогнали, перешили

Since портной means tailor and is grammatically masculine, the verbs are masculine singular too.

Both are in the accusative case because they are the direct objects of the verbs.

• подогнал что? → пальто
• перешил что? → подкладку

So both answer the question what?, which is a strong clue that they are direct objects.

A useful detail:

• пальто is indeclinable, so it looks the same in different cases.
• подкладка is declinable, so its accusative singular form is подкладку.

Because пальто is an indeclinable noun in Russian.

That means its form stays the same in all or most cases:

• nominative: пальто
• accusative: пальто
• genitive: пальто
• dative: пальто and so on.

This is common with some borrowed words in Russian, especially nouns ending in -о like:

• пальто = coat
• метро = metro
• кино = cinema / movie

So even though пальто is the direct object here, it stays пальто.

Because подкладка is a regular feminine noun ending in -а, and feminine nouns of this type usually change in the accusative singular.

Pattern:

• nominative: подкладка
• accusative: подкладку

This is the same pattern as:

• книга → книгу
• машина → машину
• рубашка → рубашку

So in the sentence:

• перешил подкладку = resewed / altered the lining

Перешил is the past masculine singular form of перешить.

In clothing contexts, перешить usually means:

• to resew
• to alter by sewing again
• to remake
• to recut and resew

So перешил подкладку suggests that the tailor did more than just stitch something tiny. It usually implies that the lining was redone or altered in some way.

The prefix пере- often gives the idea of:

• again
• anew
• redoing

So перешить is not just to sew, but to sew again / remake / alter through sewing.

Both verbs are perfective:

• подогнал ← подогнать
• перешил ← перешить

Perfective verbs present actions as completed.

So this sentence describes finished results:

• the tailor finished adjusting the coat
• and finished redoing the lining

If the sentence used imperfective verbs, it would focus more on process, repetition, or ongoing action:

• Портной подгонял пальто и перешивал подкладку.

That would sound more like:

• the tailor was adjusting the coat
• and was resewing the lining

So the perfective forms here strongly suggest a completed tailoring job.

The imperfective forms are:

• подгонять → imperfective of подогнать
• перешивать → imperfective of перешить

So you get pairs like:

• подогнать / подгонять
• перешить / перешивать

Examples:

• Он подогнал пальто. = He adjusted the coat.
  completed result

• Он подгонял пальто весь вечер. = He was adjusting the coat all evening.
  process

• Он перешил подкладку. = He redid the lining.
  completed result
• Он перешивал подкладку два раза. = He resewed the lining twice / was resewing the lining.
  repeated or process meaning

It is a normal noun meaning tailor, but it does have a form that learners often notice.

Its nominative singular is портной, and it declines like a masculine animate noun:

• nominative: портной
• genitive: портного
• dative: портному
• accusative: портного (because it is animate)
• instrumental: портным
• prepositional: о портном

So yes, it is a standard noun, but its ending may look a little unusual at first.

Also, the specifically feminine word would usually be портниха = seamstress / female tailor.

Because the sentence has:

• one subject: Портной
• two coordinated verbs: подогнал and перешил

This is a simple sentence with a compound predicate:

• Портной подогнал пальто и перешил подкладку.

Russian does not put a comma before и when it simply connects two parts of the predicate with the same subject.

You would expect a comma only in other structures, for example if two full clauses were being joined in a way that required one.

Yes. Russian word order is fairly flexible because case endings carry much of the grammatical information.

The neutral order here is:

• Портной подогнал пальто и перешил подкладку.

But other orders are possible, for example:

• Пальто портной подогнал и перешил подкладку.
• Подкладку портной перешил, а пальто подогнал.

Changing the order changes the focus or emphasis, not the core meaning.

The original version sounds natural and neutral:

• first the subject
• then the two completed actions

In this sentence, подкладка means lining, specifically the inner fabric layer of a garment.

Most often, in clothing contexts, it refers to:

• the lining of a coat
• the lining of a jacket
• the lining of a dress
• the lining of a bag

So here:

• перешил подкладку = redid / altered the lining

By itself, подкладка usually suggests a sewn inner layer, so in a tailoring sentence the meaning is very natural and specific.

No, it more strongly suggests that the tailor altered an existing coat.

That impression comes from the verbs:

• подогнал пальто = adjusted the coat for fit
• перешил подкладку = redid the lining

If the tailor had made the coat from scratch, Russian would more likely use verbs such as:

• сшил пальто = sewed/made a coat
• пошил пальто = made a coat

So this sentence sounds like an alteration job, not the creation of a brand-new coat.

The stress is:

• портно́й
• подогна́л
• пальто́
• переши́л
• подкла́дку

So the full sentence is pronounced:

портно́й подогна́л пальто́ и переши́л подкла́дку

Stress is important in Russian because it is not always predictable, and incorrect stress can make a word sound unnatural or even harder to understand.

Usually no, not if you want to keep the same meaning.

• сшил means sewed / made
• перешил means resewed / remade / altered

So:

• сшил подкладку would sound like he sewed the lining
• перешил подкладку means he redid or altered the lining

In this sentence, перешил is the better choice because it matches the idea of tailoring and alteration.

Because Russian normally does not use articles, and it often leaves possession unstated when the context is clear.

English requires choices like:

• a coat
• the coat
• his coat
• the lining

Russian does not.

So Портной подогнал пальто и перешил подкладку can naturally mean:

• the tailor adjusted the coat and redid the lining

The exact English article depends on context, but Russian does not need to mark that here.

Yes, absolutely. That is the natural interpretation.

Russian often leaves relationships implicit when they are obvious from context. Since the sentence first mentions пальто and then mentions подкладку, most readers will understand that this is the lining of that coat.

So the sentence is naturally understood as:

• The tailor adjusted the coat and redid its lining.

Russian often relies on context where English would more explicitly say the lining of the coat or its lining.