Breakdown of Новая грамматическая тема: конструкции «тот, кто», «та, кто», «те, кто», «то, что», «там, где».
Questions & Answers about Новая грамматическая тема: конструкции «тот, кто», «та, кто», «те, кто», «то, что», «там, где».
What do all of these constructions have in common?
They are all correlative constructions: a pointing word in the main clause is paired with a word that introduces a subordinate clause.
The pattern is:
- тот / та / те
- кто = the one / the woman / those who
- то
- что = what / the thing that
- там
- где = where / in the place where
So Russian is literally building a pair like:
- that one, who...
- that thing, that...
- there, where...
The first word points, and the second part explains.
Why is there a comma in тот, кто, то, что, and там, где?
Because the second part introduces a subordinate clause, and Russian normally separates subordinate clauses with a comma.
Examples:
- Тот, кто много читает, быстро учится.
- Мне нравится то, что ты написал.
- Я хочу жить там, где тепло.
This comma is standard and very important in writing.
Why do we use кто after та and те? Shouldn’t it change for gender or number?
No. In this construction, кто means who and refers to a person, but it does not show gender.
Gender and number are shown by the first word:
- тот, кто = masculine / general singular
- та, кто = feminine singular
- те, кто = plural
So:
- та, кто... = the woman / the one who...
- те, кто... = those who...
In other words, кто stays the same, while тот / та / те carries the gender/number information.
Is та, кто really correct? I often expect та, которая.
Yes, та, кто is correct.
But many learners also hear та, которая, and that is also possible. The difference is mostly one of structure and style:
- та, кто... = the one/person who...
- та, которая... = a fuller relative-clause structure, often sounding a bit heavier or more descriptive
Very roughly:
- Она та, кто всегда поможет. = She is the one who will always help.
- Она та женщина, которая сидит у окна. = She is the woman who is sitting by the window.
So та, кто is grammatical, but которая is also common in many contexts.
What is the difference between тот, кто and тот, который?
For people, тот, кто is the normal way to say the one who.
Examples:
- Тот, кто знает ответ, поднимет руку.
- Те, кто учат русский, часто задают этот вопрос.
Который is a different kind of relative word. It is more like the who/which/that in a descriptive relative clause, especially after a noun:
- человек, который живёт рядом
- книга, которая лежит на столе
So a very natural contrast is:
- Тот, кто пришёл первым, победил. = The one who came first won.
- Тот человек, который пришёл первым, победил. = That person / the person who came first won.
So learners should usually think:
- тот, кто = the one who
- человек, который = the person who
What is the difference between то, что and just что?
This is a very important distinction.
- то, что often means what or the thing that
- что by itself often means that and simply introduces a content clause
Compare:
Мне нравится то, что ты написал.
= I like what you wrote / the thing that you wrote.Я знаю, что ты устал.
= I know that you are tired.
So:
- то, что is more noun-like: it points to a thing, fact, or situation
- что alone often just connects the clause
What is the difference between там, где and just где?
Там, где means something like there where or in the place where. It has an extra pointing word: там.
Example:
- Я хочу жить там, где тепло.
= I want to live where it is warm / in a place where it is warm.
By contrast, где alone is often enough when you are just asking about or reporting a place:
- Я знаю, где он живёт.
= I know where he lives.
So:
- там, где = more explicit, with a sense of that place where
- где = just where
Do these words change case, or are they always fixed like this?
They can change.
The lesson title gives you the basic pattern, but in real sentences the forms may change depending on grammar.
Examples with the first word changing:
- тому, кто...
- тех, кто...
- с тем, что...
Examples:
- Я доверяю тому, кто говорит правду.
- Я уважаю тех, кто много работает.
- Я согласен с тем, что ты сказал.
Also, кто itself can change if its role inside the subordinate clause changes:
- тот, кто пришёл
- тот, кого я видел
- тот, кому я писал
- тот, о ком мы говорили
So the heading shows the core model, not every possible form.
How does verb agreement work after кто?
This is one of the trickiest points.
With singular reference, it is straightforward:
- Тот, кто пришёл первым, победил.
- Та, кто пришла первой, победила.
With те, кто..., you may see both patterns:
- Те, кто пришёл...
- Те, кто пришли...
Both occur in real Russian. Very broadly:
- singular agreement can sound more traditional or grammar-book-like
- plural agreement is also very common, especially in everyday usage
So if you meet both, do not be surprised.
For learners, the safest strategy is:
- recognize both
- pay attention to what native speakers use in the style you are learning
Can the order be reversed?
Yes. Russian often allows the two parts to switch places.
Compare:
- Тот, кто много читает, много знает.
- Кто много читает, тот много знает.
And:
- Там, где тихо, лучше думается.
- Где тихо, там лучше думается.
The meaning is similar, but the emphasis changes. Russian likes these paired structures in both orders.
Can I leave out тот, то, or там?
Often yes, but the meaning or emphasis changes.
Compare:
- Мне нравится то, что ты написал.
- Мне нравится, что ты написал.
These are close, but not identical. The version with то is more explicitly the thing / fact that.
Also compare:
- Я хочу жить там, где тепло.
- Я знаю, где тепло.
In the first sentence, там points to a place. In the second, you are simply saying where.
So the pointing word is not always absolutely necessary, but when it is present, it makes the structure more explicit and often adds the sense of:
- the one
- the thing
- the place
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