Questions & Answers about За этот вопрос я получил один балл.
In this sentence, за means for in the sense of in exchange for, as a result of, or for answering something.
So За этот вопрос means for this question.
This is very common in Russian when talking about grades, points, rewards, punishment, payment, and similar results:
- получить балл за вопрос = to get a point for a question
- получить деньги за работу = to get money for work
- похвалить за помощь = to praise someone for help
So here, за introduces the reason or basis for receiving the point.