За этот вопрос я получил один балл.

In this sentence, за means for in the sense of in exchange for, as a result of, or for answering something.

So За этот вопрос means for this question.

This is very common in Russian when talking about grades, points, rewards, punishment, payment, and similar results:

• получить балл за вопрос = to get a point for a question
• получить деньги за работу = to get money for work
• похвалить за помощь = to praise someone for help

So here, за introduces the reason or basis for receiving the point.

Because за in this meaning takes the accusative case.

The noun вопрос is masculine and inanimate. For masculine inanimate nouns, the accusative singular looks the same as the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: этот вопрос
• accusative: этот вопрос

That is why you see за этот вопрос.

For comparison:

• этот стол → за этот стол
• этот билет → за этот билет

But with a feminine noun, you would see a clearer change:

• эта книга → за эту книгу

It tells you what the point was awarded for.

The structure is basically:

• За этот вопрос = for this question
• я получил = I received / got
• один балл = one point

So the sentence is organized as:

For this question, I got one point.

Russian often puts this kind of phrase at the beginning if it is the topic or contrastive focus.

Получил is the past tense of получить, which means to receive / to get.

The ending -л shows past tense, and in Russian past tense also agrees with gender:

• я получил = I got / received, if the speaker is male
• я получила = I got / received, if the speaker is female
• оно получило = it got
• они получили = they got

So this sentence, as written, sounds like it is spoken by a male speaker.

Because получить is perfective, and here the speaker is talking about a completed result: they received one point.

• получить = to receive, to get once / successfully / as a completed event
• получать = to receive, to be receiving, to receive habitually or repeatedly

In this sentence, the point was awarded as a finished fact, so получил is the natural choice.

Compare:

• За этот вопрос я получил один балл. = I got one point for this question.
• За такие вопросы я обычно получаю один балл. = For questions like this, I usually get one point.

Yes, Russian can sometimes leave pronouns out, but in the past tense the verb does not show person clearly.

Compare present tense:

• получаю = I receive
• получаешь = you receive

Here the ending already tells you the person.

But in the past tense:

• получил just means received and shows gender/number, not person

So without я, the sentence could be less clear unless the context already makes the subject obvious.

That is why я получил is very natural.

Because балл is a masculine singular noun, and the numeral один must agree with it in gender, number, and case.

So:

• masculine: один балл
• feminine: одна ошибка
• neuter: одно задание

Here балл is masculine, so you need один.

Also, after one, the noun stays in the singular:

• один балл = one point

Yes, here балл means a point or mark in scoring, grading, or evaluation.

It is commonly used for:

• test scores
• exam grading
• points for answers
• rating systems

So один балл is exactly the kind of phrase you would expect in a classroom, quiz, or exam context.

A learner may also know очко, which can also mean point in some games or sports, but балл is the normal word in grading/scoring contexts like this sentence.

Yes. Russian word order is flexible.

This sentence:

За этот вопрос я получил один балл.

puts emphasis first on for this question.

Other possible orders include:

• Я получил один балл за этот вопрос.
• Один балл я получил за этот вопрос.

These all mean roughly the same thing, but the focus changes a little:

• За этот вопрос... = emphasizes the question as the basis
• Я получил... = starts with the subject
• Один балл... = emphasizes the number of points

So the original sentence is natural, especially if you are contrasting it with other questions.

Because the sentence is talking about one specific question: this question.

So:

• этот вопрос = this question
• эти вопросы = these questions

If it were plural, the sentence would have to change:

• За эти вопросы я получил три балла. = I got three points for these questions.

It can be both positive and negative. За simply marks the reason or basis.

Positive:

• За этот вопрос я получил один балл. = I got one point for this question.
• За хорошую работу его похвалили. = He was praised for good work.

Negative:

• За этот вопрос мне снизили оценку. = They lowered my grade for this question.
• За ошибку меня наказали. = I was punished for a mistake.

So за does not itself mean positive or negative; the rest of the sentence tells you that.

The stress is:

За э́тот вопро́с я получи́л оди́н балл.

A rough pronunciation guide:

Za EH-tət va-PROS ya pa-lu-CHEEL a-DEEN ball

A few useful notes:

• этот has stress on the first syllable: э́тот
• вопрос has stress on the second syllable: вопро́с
• получил has stress on the last syllable: получи́л
• один has stress on the second syllable: оди́н
• балл is one syllable

Yes, depending on context, that is a very natural English translation.

Possible translations include:

• I got one point for this question.
• I received one point for this question.
• I scored one point on this question.

The Russian sentence itself does not force only one English version. The best choice depends on whether the context is an exam, quiz, worksheet, or grading discussion.